对于合并排序，最方便的多线程范式是 fork-join 范式。这是从 Java 8 及更高版本提供的。以下代码演示了使用 fork-join 的合并排序。
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
public class MergeSort<N extends Comparable<N>> extends RecursiveTask<List<N>> {
private List<N> elements;
public MergeSort(List<N> elements) {
this.elements = new ArrayList<>(elements);
}
@Override
protected List<N> compute() {
if(this.elements.size() <= 1)
return this.elements;
else {
final int pivot = this.elements.size() / 2;
MergeSort<N> leftTask = new MergeSort<N>(this.elements.subList(0, pivot));
MergeSort<N> rightTask = new MergeSort<N>(this.elements.subList(pivot, this.elements.size()));
leftTask.fork();
rightTask.fork();
List<N> left = leftTask.join();
List<N> right = rightTask.join();
return merge(left, right);
}
}
private List<N> merge(List<N> left, List<N> right) {
List<N> sorted = new ArrayList<>();
while(!left.isEmpty() || !right.isEmpty()) {
if(left.isEmpty())
sorted.add(right.remove(0));
else if(right.isEmpty())
sorted.add(left.remove(0));
else {
if( left.get(0).compareTo(right.get(0)) < 0 )
sorted.add(left.remove(0));
else
sorted.add(right.remove(0));
}
}
return sorted;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ForkJoinPool forkJoinPool = ForkJoinPool.commonPool();
List<Integer> result = forkJoinPool.invoke(new MergeSort<Integer>(Arrays.asList(7,2,9,10,1)));
System.out.println("result: " + result);
}
}
虽然不太直接，但以下代码变体消除了 ArrayList 的过度复制。最初的未排序列表只创建一次，对 sublist 的调用不需要自己执行任何复制。在我们每次算法分叉时复制数组列表之前。此外，现在，当合并列表而不是创建一个新列表并在其中复制值时，我们每次重用左侧列表并将我们的值插入其中。通过避免额外的复制步骤，我们提高了性能。我们在这里使用 LinkedList，因为与 ArrayList 相比，插入相当便宜。我们还消除了对 remove 的调用，这在 ArrayList 上也可能很昂贵。
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
public class MergeSort<N extends Comparable<N>> extends RecursiveTask<List<N>> {
private List<N> elements;
public MergeSort(List<N> elements) {
this.elements = elements;
}
@Override
protected List<N> compute() {
if(this.elements.size() <= 1)
return new LinkedList<>(this.elements);
else {
final int pivot = this.elements.size() / 2;
MergeSort<N> leftTask = new MergeSort<N>(this.elements.subList(0, pivot));
MergeSort<N> rightTask = new MergeSort<N>(this.elements.subList(pivot, this.elements.size()));
leftTask.fork();
rightTask.fork();
List<N> left = leftTask.join();
List<N> right = rightTask.join();
return merge(left, right);
}
}
private List<N> merge(List<N> left, List<N> right) {
int leftIndex = 0;
int rightIndex = 0;
while(leftIndex < left.size() || rightIndex < right.size()) {
if(leftIndex >= left.size())
left.add(leftIndex++, right.get(rightIndex++));
else if(rightIndex >= right.size())
return left;
else {
if( left.get(leftIndex).compareTo(right.get(rightIndex)) < 0 )
leftIndex++;
else
left.add(leftIndex++, right.get(rightIndex++));
}
}
return left;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ForkJoinPool forkJoinPool = ForkJoinPool.commonPool();
List<Integer> result = forkJoinPool.invoke(new MergeSort<Integer>(Arrays.asList(7,2,9,-7,777777,10,1)));
System.out.println("result: " + result);
}
}
我们还可以通过使用迭代器而不是在执行合并时直接调用 get 来进一步改进代码。其原因是通过索引获取 LinkedList 的时间性能较差（线性），因此通过使用迭代器，我们消除了在每次获取时内部迭代链表所导致的减速。迭代器上对 next 的调用是常数时间，而不是调用获取的线性时间。以下代码被修改为使用迭代器。
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
public class MergeSort<N extends Comparable<N>> extends RecursiveTask<List<N>> {
private List<N> elements;
public MergeSort(List<N> elements) {
this.elements = elements;
}
@Override
protected List<N> compute() {
if(this.elements.size() <= 1)
return new LinkedList<>(this.elements);
else {
final int pivot = this.elements.size() / 2;
MergeSort<N> leftTask = new MergeSort<N>(this.elements.subList(0, pivot));
MergeSort<N> rightTask = new MergeSort<N>(this.elements.subList(pivot, this.elements.size()));
leftTask.fork();
rightTask.fork();
List<N> left = leftTask.join();
List<N> right = rightTask.join();
return merge(left, right);
}
}
private List<N> merge(List<N> left, List<N> right) {
ListIterator<N> leftIter = left.listIterator();
ListIterator<N> rightIter = right.listIterator();
while(leftIter.hasNext() || rightIter.hasNext()) {
if(!leftIter.hasNext()) {
leftIter.add(rightIter.next());
rightIter.remove();
}
else if(!rightIter.hasNext())
return left;
else {
N rightElement = rightIter.next();
if( leftIter.next().compareTo(rightElement) < 0 )
rightIter.previous();
else {
leftIter.previous();
leftIter.add(rightElement);
}
}
}
return left;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ForkJoinPool forkJoinPool = ForkJoinPool.commonPool();
List<Integer> result = forkJoinPool.invoke(new MergeSort<Integer>(Arrays.asList(7,2,9,-7,777777,10,1)));
System.out.println("result: " + result);
}
}
最后是最复杂的代码版本，此迭代使用完全就地操作。仅创建初始的 ArrayList，并且从未创建任何其他集合。因此，逻辑特别难以遵循（所以我把它留到最后）。但应该尽可能接近理想的实现。
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
public class MergeSort<N extends Comparable<N>> extends RecursiveTask<List<N>> {
private List<N> elements;
public MergeSort(List<N> elements) {
this.elements = elements;
}
@Override
protected List<N> compute() {
if(this.elements.size() <= 1)
return this.elements;
else {
final int pivot = this.elements.size() / 2;
MergeSort<N> leftTask = new MergeSort<N>(this.elements.subList(0, pivot));
MergeSort<N> rightTask = new MergeSort<N>(this.elements.subList(pivot, this.elements.size()));
leftTask.fork();
rightTask.fork();
List<N> left = leftTask.join();
List<N> right = rightTask.join();
merge(left, right);
return this.elements;
}
}
private void merge(List<N> left, List<N> right) {
int leftIndex = 0;
int rightIndex = 0;
while(leftIndex < left.size() ) {
if(rightIndex == 0) {
if( left.get(leftIndex).compareTo(right.get(rightIndex)) > 0 ) {
swap(left, leftIndex++, right, rightIndex++);
} else {
leftIndex++;
}
} else {
if(rightIndex >= right.size()) {
if(right.get(0).compareTo(left.get(left.size() - 1)) < 0 )
merge(left, right);
else
return;
}
else if( right.get(0).compareTo(right.get(rightIndex)) < 0 ) {
swap(left, leftIndex++, right, 0);
} else {
swap(left, leftIndex++, right, rightIndex++);
}
}
}
if(rightIndex < right.size() && rightIndex != 0)
merge(right.subList(0, rightIndex), right.subList(rightIndex, right.size()));
}
private void swap(List<N> left, int leftIndex, List<N> right, int rightIndex) {
//N leftElement = left.get(leftIndex);
left.set(leftIndex, right.set(rightIndex, left.get(leftIndex)));
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ForkJoinPool forkJoinPool = ForkJoinPool.commonPool();
List<Integer> result = forkJoinPool.invoke(new MergeSort<Integer>(new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(5,9,8,7,6,1,2,3,4))));
System.out.println("result: " + result);
}
}