在 Visual Studio 2017 中使用 Pybind11 for Python 构建 CPP 时出现编译错误答案

【问题标题】：Compile Error while building CPP with Pybind11 for Python in Visual Studio 2017在 Visual Studio 2017 中使用 Pybind11 for Python 构建 CPP 时出现编译错误
【发布时间】：2019-05-27 01:49:21
【问题描述】：

此查询与 Microsoft Docs 中标题为 Create a C++ extension for Python 的教程相关。

我已按照教程完成所有说明。我使用的是 Windows 10 64 位并安装了多个 python 版本，我通常称之为py -x.x-xx sample.py。为此，我安装了带有 Python 开发选项的 Visual Studio 2017，其中包括 Python 3.6 32 位和 64 位。

教程中展示了两种方式：(1) CPython extensions 和 (2) Pybind11。我在他们两个方面都遇到了多个错误。但是，我决定采用 Pybind11 方式，因此列出了与之相关的错误，因为它更简洁，并且只需要对原始 C++ 代码进行很少的更改。

这是module.cpp文件：

#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
#include <Windows.h>
#include <cmath>

const double e = 2.7182818284590452353602874713527;

double sinh_impl(double x) {
    return (1 - pow(e, (-2 * x))) / (2 * pow(e, -x));
}

double cosh_impl(double x) {
    return (1 + pow(e, (-2 * x))) / (2 * pow(e, -x));
}

double tanh_impl(double x) {
    return sinh_impl(x) / cosh_impl(x);
}

namespace py = pybind11;

PYBIND11_MODULE(superfastcode2, m) {
    m.def("fast_tanh2", &tanh_impl, R"pbdoc(
        Compute a hyperbolic tangent of a single argument expressed in radians.
    )pbdoc");

#ifdef VERSION_INFO
    m.attr("__version__") = VERSION_INFO;
#else
    m.attr("__version__") = "dev";
#endif
}

当我尝试按照教程中的说明进行构建时，日志中生成的错误如下：

  module.cpp
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(49): error C2061: syntax error: identifier 'Py_buffer'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(49): error C2535: 'pybind11::buffer_info::buffer_info(void)': member function already defined or declared
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(26): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::buffer_info::buffer_info'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(87): error C2143: syntax error: missing ';' before '*'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(87): error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(87): error C2238: unexpected token(s) preceding ';'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(50): error C2065: 'view': undeclared identifier
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(51): error C2065: 'view': undeclared identifier
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(50): error C2661: 'pybind11::buffer_info::buffer_info': no overloaded function takes 2 arguments
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(52): error C2039: 'view': is not a member of 'pybind11::buffer_info'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(17): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::buffer_info'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(52): error C2065: 'view': undeclared identifier
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(71): error C2065: 'view': undeclared identifier
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(71): error C2039: 'view': is not a member of 'pybind11::buffer_info'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(17): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::buffer_info'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(77): error C2065: 'view': undeclared identifier
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(77): error C3861: 'PyBuffer_Release': identifier not found
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\buffer_info.h(77): error C2541: 'delete': cannot delete objects that are not pointers
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(406): error C3861: 'PyInstanceMethod_Check': identifier not found
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(407): error C3861: 'PyInstanceMethod_GET_FUNCTION': identifier not found
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(410): error C3861: 'PyMethod_Check': identifier not found
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(411): error C3861: 'PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION': identifier not found
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(613): error C2065: 'PyListObject': undeclared identifier
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(613): error C2059: syntax error: ')'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(613): error C2612: trailing '(' illegal in base/member initializer list
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(678): error C2039: 'sequence_slow_readwrite': is not a member of 'pybind11::detail::iterator_policies'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(595): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::detail::iterator_policies'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(678): error C2065: 'sequence_slow_readwrite': undeclared identifier
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(678): error C2923: 'pybind11::detail::generic_iterator': 'sequence_slow_readwrite' is not a valid template type argument for parameter 'Policy'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(679): error C2039: 'dict_readonly': is not a member of 'pybind11::detail::iterator_policies'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(595): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::detail::iterator_policies'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(679): error C2065: 'dict_readonly': undeclared identifier
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(679): error C2923: 'pybind11::detail::generic_iterator': 'dict_readonly' is not a valid template type argument for parameter 'Policy'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(779): error C2027: use of undefined type '_typeobject'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\object.h(344): note: see declaration of '_typeobject'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(779): error C2065: '_PyObject_NextNotImplemented': undeclared identifier
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(832): error C2039: 'PyIterable_Check': is not a member of 'pybind11::detail'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(402): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::detail'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(832): error C3861: 'PyIterable_Check': identifier not found
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(839): error C2039: 'PyUnicode_Check_Permissive': is not a member of 'pybind11::detail'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(402): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::detail'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(839): error C3861: 'PyUnicode_Check_Permissive': identifier not found
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(934): error C2440: 'initializing': cannot convert from 'const pybind11::str' to 'pybind11::object'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(934): note: No user-defined-conversion operator available that can perform this conversion, or the operator cannot be called
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(935): error C2027: use of undefined type 'pybind11::str'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(21): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::str'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(936): error C2027: use of undefined type 'pybind11::str'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(21): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::str'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(963): error C2039: 'PyNone_Check': is not a member of 'pybind11::detail'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(402): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::detail'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(963): error C3861: 'PyNone_Check': identifier not found
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1012): error C2039: 'enable_if_t': is not a member of 'pybind11::detail::detail'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(984): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::detail::detail'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1012): error C2947: expecting '>' to terminate template-parameter-list, found '<'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1012): warning C4346: 'value': dependent name is not a type
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1012): note: prefix with 'typename' to indicate a type
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1012): error C2061: syntax error: identifier 'value'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1013): error C2334: unexpected token(s) preceding '{'; skipping apparent function body
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1029): error C2039: 'enable_if_t': is not a member of 'pybind11::detail::detail'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(984): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::detail::detail'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1029): error C2947: expecting '>' to terminate template-parameter-list, found '<'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1029): warning C4346: 'value': dependent name is not a type
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1029): note: prefix with 'typename' to indicate a type
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1029): error C2061: syntax error: identifier 'value'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1030): error C2334: unexpected token(s) preceding '{'; skipping apparent function body
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1301): error C2244: 'pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::begin': unable to match function definition to an existing declaration
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1301): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::begin'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1301): note: definition
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1301): note: 'pybind11::detail::iterator pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::begin(void) const'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1301): note: existing declarations
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1301): note: 'pybind11::iterator pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::begin(void) const'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1302): error C2244: 'pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::end': unable to match function definition to an existing declaration
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1302): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::end'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1302): note: definition
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1302): note: 'pybind11::detail::iterator pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::end(void) const'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1302): note: existing declarations
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1302): note: 'pybind11::iterator pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::end(void) const'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1303): error C2888: 'pybind11::detail::item_accessor pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::operator [](pybind11::handle) const': symbol cannot be defined within namespace 'detail'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1306): error C2988: unrecognizable template declaration/definition
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1306): error C2059: syntax error: 'const'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1306): error C2143: syntax error: missing ';' before '{'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1306): error C2447: '{': missing function header (old-style formal list?)
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1309): error C2888: 'pybind11::detail::obj_attr_accessor pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::attr(pybind11::handle) const': symbol cannot be defined within namespace 'detail'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1312): error C2988: unrecognizable template declaration/definition
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1312): error C2059: syntax error: 'const'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1312): error C2143: syntax error: missing ';' before '{'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1312): error C2447: '{': missing function header (old-style formal list?)
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1315): error C2888: 'pybind11::detail::args_proxy pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::operator *(void) const': symbol cannot be defined within namespace 'detail'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1317): error C2027: use of undefined type 'pybind11::detail::args_proxy'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(25): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::detail::args_proxy'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1318): error C2888: 'bool pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::contains(T &&) const': symbol cannot be defined within namespace 'detail'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1323): error C2888: 'pybind11::str pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::str(void) const': symbol cannot be defined within namespace 'detail'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1323): error C2027: use of undefined type 'pybind11::str'
  c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(21): note: see declaration of 'pybind11::str'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1326): error C2888: 'pybind11::detail::str_attr_accessor pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::doc(void) const': symbol cannot be defined within namespace 'detail'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\pytypes.h(1329): error C2888: 'pybind11::handle pybind11::detail::object_api<Derived>::get_type(void) const': symbol cannot be defined within namespace 'detail'
c:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_86\include\pybind11\detail\typeid.h(22): fatal error C1903: unable to recover from previous error(s); stopping compilation

【问题讨论】：

所有的包含路径都设置正确了吗？
是的。我通过删除#include 来检查它。然后它给出一个错误，说找不到头文件。所以我确定它正在读取头文件。错误一旦进入它就会开始。即使只有 #include 而没有其他特定于 pybind11 的其他代码，它也会产生许多错误。
那你为什么要发布一个不仅仅是#include的代码示例？请提供minimal reproducible example 错误，因为文本不在图片中或链接后面
您正在删除标头，然后通过告诉您找不到文件而失败？显然它仍然是从某个地方包含的，并且由于项目设置不正确而无法找到。在include路径中添加pybind11的路径。
我认为您误解了我的评论。 :-) 我已经包含了包含文件夹的路径： C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\Shared\Python36_86\include 。尽管包含此路径，但我收到上述错误。

标签： python c++ visual-studio windows-10 pybind11

【解决方案1】：

我遇到了完全相同的问题。经过一番折腾，我在github上下载了与教程相关的存储库：https://github.com/Microsoft/python-sample-vs-cpp-extension，并逐行通过项目配置。（顺便说一下，他们的配置使用环境变量 PYTHONPATH 而不是 PYTHONHOME，如教程中所述。）

对我来说解决问题的是将预处理器定义更改为： _WINDLL;%(预处理器定义) 以匹配存储库版本。罪魁祸首似乎是教程建议的 Py_LIMITED_API 定义：当我将其添加到列表中时，问题又回来了。

【讨论】：

感谢您的解决方案。让我试试这个，我会回复你的反馈并支持你的答案。
谢谢！简单地删除 Py_LIMITED_API 也适用于我（使用手册推荐的 Python 3.7 32 位）。

【解决方案2】：

正如我所见，您正在尝试使用 32 位 Python 编译示例，但它无法在 Python 安装中编译 pybind11。

默认情况下，我的 VS2017 单独安装了 64 位 Python。所以我已经为这样的 64 位配置了示例。

在 superfastcode2 中转到：

C/C++ / 常规 / 附加包含目录 - 添加 $(PythonHome)Include和$(ProjectDir)pybind11-master，最新的一定要指向pybind11的安装位置（从GitHub下载为ZIP文件，解压到pybind11-master目录，我在superfastcode2文件夹下）。链接器/常规 - 添加$(PythonHome)libs

在 superfastcode 中转到：

C/C++ / 常规 / 附加包含目录 - 添加

C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\Shared\Python36_64\include

链接器/常规 - 添加

C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\Shared\Python36_64\libs

在 module.cpp 中为 Python.h 添加此解决方法：

//Workaround for - LNK1104: cannot open file 'python36_d.lib'

#define HAVE_RND  //This makes always use the Release version of Python, even in Debug mode

#ifdef _DEBUG
#define RESTORE_DEBUG
#undef _DEBUG
#endif

#include <Python.h>

#ifdef RESTORE_DEBUG
#define _DEBUG
#undef RESTORE_DEBUG
#endif

修复路径：

#include <include/pybind11/pybind11.h>

那么应该可以了。 ;)

【讨论】：

【解决方案3】：

同样的问题！最后，我在安装 64 位版本 Python 时将 [配置 > 平台] 更改为 x64 来修复它。

与目标架构相关的链接器错误：更改 C++ 目标的项目架构以匹配 Python 安装的架构。例如，如果您使用 C++ 项目以 x64 为目标，但您的 Python 安装是 x86，请将 C++ 项目更改为以 x86 为目标。

【讨论】：