无法使用 pip 安装 lxml

Question

我尝试使用pip install lxml 在 Ubuntu 14.04 上安装 lxml python 库。

它失败了，输出是（这里只带了结尾）：

...
...
...

src/lxml/lxml.etree.c:8:22: fatal error: pyconfig.h: No such file or directory

 #include "pyconfig.h"

                      ^

compilation terminated.

error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1

我已经搜索了问题，发现我应该使用以下方法安装一些东西：

apt-get install libxml2-dev libxslt-dev libxslt1-dev python-dev

然后我尝试使用pip install lxml 进行安装。安装再次失败，现在出现不同的错误。尝试pip --default-timeout=300 install lxml 没有任何改变。

新的错误是：

...
...
...

creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/src/lxml

x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -fno-strict-aliasing -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -fPIC -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/tmp/pip_build_root/lxml/src/lxml/includes -I/usr/include/python2.7 -c src/lxml/lxml.etree.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/src/lxml/lxml.etree.o -w

x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -shared -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-z,relro -fno-strict-aliasing -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -Wformat -Werror=format-security build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/src/lxml/lxml.etree.o -lxslt -lexslt -lxml2 -lz -lm -o build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/lxml/etree.so

/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lz

collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1

----------------------------------------
Cleaning up...
Command /usr/bin/python -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip_build_root/lxml/setup.py';exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-PVygtI-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip_build_root/lxml
Storing debug log for failure in /root/.pip/pip.log

来自/root/.pip/pip.log 文件的其他信息：

Exception information:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main
    status = self.run(options, args)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/commands/install.py", line 283, in run
    requirement_set.install(install_options, global_options, root=options.root_path)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/req.py", line 1436, in install
    requirement.install(install_options, global_options, *args, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/req.py", line 707, in install
    cwd=self.source_dir, filter_stdout=self._filter_install, show_stdout=False)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip/util.py", line 715, in call_subprocess
    % (command_desc, proc.returncode, cwd))
InstallationError: Command /usr/bin/python -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip_build_root/lxml/setup.py';exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-Jj2y9w-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip_build_root/lxml

但是，我可以通过apt-get install python-lxml 安装lxml，也可以在从lxml 的网站手动下载后本地安装，但我想使用pip 安装。

Answer 1

这个错误...

/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lz

...建议你还需要安装zlib1g-dev：

apt-get install zlib1g-dev

lxml 模块有相当多的依赖项。使用系统包管理器提供的功能通常要容易得多，除非您需要一项仅在从源代码构建时才可用的功能。

一般来说，对于此类错误，您需要找到一个提供缺少的共享库的包。这将是lib<SOMETHING>.so，其中<SOMETHING> 是错误消息中-l 之后的任何内容。

您可以使用apt-file 命令帮助找到合适的包。例如：

# apt-file search libz.so
lib32z1: /usr/lib32/libz.so.1
lib32z1: /usr/lib32/libz.so.1.2.8
lib32z1-dev: /usr/lib32/libz.so
libx32z1: /usr/libx32/libz.so.1
libx32z1: /usr/libx32/libz.so.1.2.8
libx32z1-dev: /usr/libx32/libz.so
zlib1g: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1
zlib1g: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1.2.8
zlib1g-dev: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so

列表中的最后一个条目是.../libz.so，由zlib1g-dev 包提供。