这个答案广泛围绕Git Flow。表格是用漂亮的ASCII Table Generator 生成的,历史树是用这个美妙的命令生成的(aliased as git lg):
git log --graph --abbrev-commit --decorate --date=format:'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' --format=format:'%C(bold blue)%h%C(reset) - %C(bold cyan)%ad%C(reset) %C(bold green)(%ar)%C(reset)%C(bold yellow)%d%C(reset)%n'' %C(white)%s%C(reset) %C(dim white)- %an%C(reset)'
表格按时间倒序排列,以便与历史树更加一致。先看看git merge和git merge --no-ff之间的区别(你通常想使用git merge --no-ff,因为它让你的历史看起来更接近现实):
git merge
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo"
------- ------------------------------ -------------------------------
15:04 git merge features/foo
15:03 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:02 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* 142a74a - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop, features/foo)
| Third commit - Christophe
* 00d848c - YYYY-MM-DD 15:02:00 (XX minutes ago)
| Second commit - Christophe
* 298e9c5 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
git merge --no-ff
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo"
------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------
15:04 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:03 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:02 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* 1140d8c - YYYY-MM-DD 15:04:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop)
|\ Merge branch 'features/foo' - Christophe
| * 69f4a7a - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/foo)
| | Third commit - Christophe
| * 2973183 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:02:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Second commit - Christophe
* c173472 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
git merge 与 git rebase
第一点:始终将功能合并到开发中,永远不要从功能中重新构建开发。这是Golden Rule of Rebasing 的结果:
git rebase 的黄金法则是永远不要在 public 分支上使用它。
In other words:
永远不要对你推送的任何东西进行变基。
我个人会补充:除非它是一个功能分支并且你和你的团队都知道后果。
所以git merge vs git rebase 的问题几乎只适用于功能分支(在以下示例中,合并时一直使用--no-ff)。请注意,由于我不确定是否有更好的解决方案 (a debate exists),我将只提供这两个命令的行为方式。就我而言,我更喜欢使用git rebase,因为它可以生成更好的历史树:)
功能分支之间
git merge
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo" Branch "features/bar"
------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------- --------------------------------
15:10 git merge --no-ff features/bar
15:09 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:08 git commit -m "Sixth commit"
15:07 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:06 git commit -m "Fifth commit"
15:05 git commit -m "Fourth commit"
15:04 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:03 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:02 git checkout -b features/bar
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* c0a3b89 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:10:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop)
|\ Merge branch 'features/bar' - Christophe
| * 37e933e - YYYY-MM-DD 15:08:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/bar)
| | Sixth commit - Christophe
| * eb5e657 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:07:00 (XX minutes ago)
| |\ Merge branch 'features/foo' into features/bar - Christophe
| * | 2e4086f - YYYY-MM-DD 15:06:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | | Fifth commit - Christophe
| * | 31e3a60 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:05:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | | Fourth commit - Christophe
* | | 98b439f - YYYY-MM-DD 15:09:00 (XX minutes ago)
|\ \ \ Merge branch 'features/foo' - Christophe
| |/ /
|/| /
| |/
| * 6579c9c - YYYY-MM-DD 15:04:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/foo)
| | Third commit - Christophe
| * 3f41d96 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Second commit - Christophe
* 14edc68 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
git rebase
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo" Branch "features/bar"
------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------
15:10 git merge --no-ff features/bar
15:09 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:08 git commit -m "Sixth commit"
15:07 git rebase features/foo
15:06 git commit -m "Fifth commit"
15:05 git commit -m "Fourth commit"
15:04 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:03 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:02 git checkout -b features/bar
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* 7a99663 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:10:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop)
|\ Merge branch 'features/bar' - Christophe
| * 708347a - YYYY-MM-DD 15:08:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/bar)
| | Sixth commit - Christophe
| * 949ae73 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:06:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Fifth commit - Christophe
| * 108b4c7 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:05:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Fourth commit - Christophe
* | 189de99 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:09:00 (XX minutes ago)
|\ \ Merge branch 'features/foo' - Christophe
| |/
| * 26835a0 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:04:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/foo)
| | Third commit - Christophe
| * a61dd08 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Second commit - Christophe
* ae6f5fc - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
从develop 到功能分支
git merge
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo" Branch "features/bar"
------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------
15:10 git merge --no-ff features/bar
15:09 git commit -m "Sixth commit"
15:08 git merge --no-ff develop
15:07 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:06 git commit -m "Fifth commit"
15:05 git commit -m "Fourth commit"
15:04 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:03 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:02 git checkout -b features/bar
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* 9e6311a - YYYY-MM-DD 15:10:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop)
|\ Merge branch 'features/bar' - Christophe
| * 3ce9128 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:09:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/bar)
| | Sixth commit - Christophe
| * d0cd244 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:08:00 (XX minutes ago)
| |\ Merge branch 'develop' into features/bar - Christophe
| |/
|/|
* | 5bd5f70 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:07:00 (XX minutes ago)
|\ \ Merge branch 'features/foo' - Christophe
| * | 4ef3853 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:04:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/foo)
| | | Third commit - Christophe
| * | 3227253 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ / Second commit - Christophe
| * b5543a2 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:06:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Fifth commit - Christophe
| * 5e84b79 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:05:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Fourth commit - Christophe
* 2da6d8d - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
git rebase
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo" Branch "features/bar"
------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------
15:10 git merge --no-ff features/bar
15:09 git commit -m "Sixth commit"
15:08 git rebase develop
15:07 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:06 git commit -m "Fifth commit"
15:05 git commit -m "Fourth commit"
15:04 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:03 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:02 git checkout -b features/bar
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* b0f6752 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:10:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop)
|\ Merge branch 'features/bar' - Christophe
| * 621ad5b - YYYY-MM-DD 15:09:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/bar)
| | Sixth commit - Christophe
| * 9cb1a16 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:06:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Fifth commit - Christophe
| * b8ddd19 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:05:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Fourth commit - Christophe
* 856433e - YYYY-MM-DD 15:07:00 (XX minutes ago)
|\ Merge branch 'features/foo' - Christophe
| * 694ac81 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:04:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/foo)
| | Third commit - Christophe
| * 5fd94d3 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Second commit - Christophe
* d01d589 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
附注
git cherry-pick
当您只需要一个特定的提交时,git cherry-pick 是一个不错的解决方案(-x 选项会在原始文件后面附加一行“(cherry pick from commit...)”提交消息正文,因此使用它通常是一个好主意 - git log <commit_sha1> 看到它):
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo" Branch "features/bar"
------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
15:10 git merge --no-ff features/bar
15:09 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:08 git commit -m "Sixth commit"
15:07 git cherry-pick -x <second_commit_sha1>
15:06 git commit -m "Fifth commit"
15:05 git commit -m "Fourth commit"
15:04 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:03 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:02 git checkout -b features/bar
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* 50839cd - YYYY-MM-DD 15:10:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop)
|\ Merge branch 'features/bar' - Christophe
| * 0cda99f - YYYY-MM-DD 15:08:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/bar)
| | Sixth commit - Christophe
| * f7d6c47 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Second commit - Christophe
| * dd7d05a - YYYY-MM-DD 15:06:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Fifth commit - Christophe
| * d0d759b - YYYY-MM-DD 15:05:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Fourth commit - Christophe
* | 1a397c5 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:09:00 (XX minutes ago)
|\ \ Merge branch 'features/foo' - Christophe
| |/
|/|
| * 0600a72 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:04:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/foo)
| | Third commit - Christophe
| * f4c127a - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Second commit - Christophe
* 0cf894c - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
git pull --rebase
我不确定我能不能比Derek Gourlay 更好地解释它...基本上,使用git pull --rebase 而不是git pull :) 但是文章中缺少的是you can enable it by default:
git config --global pull.rebase true
git rerere
再次,很好地解释了here。但简而言之,如果启用它,您将不再需要多次解决相同的冲突。