为简单的数学运算生成语法树

Question

我正在尝试使用简单的数学运算符（+、-、*、/ 和括号）为给定的字符串生成语法树。 给定字符串“1 + 2 * 3”：

它应该返回一个像这样的数组：

["+",
 [1,
  ["*",
   [2,3]
  ]
 ]
]

我做了一个函数来转换 [1,"+",2,"*",3] 中的 "1 + 2 * 3"。

问题是：我不知道优先考虑某些操作。

我的代码是：

function isNumber(ch){
    switch (ch) {
        case '0':
        case '1':
        case '2':
        case '3':
        case '4':
        case '5':
        case '6':
        case '7':
        case '8':
        case '9':
        case '.':
            return true;
        break;
        default:
            return false;
            break;
    }
}

function generateSyntaxTree(text){
    if (typeof text != 'string') return [];
    var code = text.replace(new RegExp("[ \t\r\n\v\f]", "gm"), "");
    var codeArray = [];
    var syntaxTree = [];

    // Put it in its on scope
    (function(){
        var lastPos = 0;
        var wasNum = false;
        for (var i = 0; i < code.length; i++) {
            var cChar = code[i];
            if (isNumber(cChar)) {
                if (!wasNum) {
                    if (i != 0) {
                        codeArray.push(code.slice(lastPos, i));
                    }
                    lastPos = i;
                    wasNum = true;
                }
            } else {
                if (wasNum) {
                    var n = Number(code.slice(lastPos, i));
                    if (isNaN(n)) {
                        throw new Error("Invalid Number");
                        return [];
                    } else {
                        codeArray.push(n);
                    }
                    wasNum = false;
                    lastPos = i;
                }
            }
        }
        if (wasNum) {
            var n = Number(code.slice(lastPos, code.length));
            if (isNaN(n)) {
                throw new Error("Invalid Number");
                return [];
            } else {
                codeArray.push(n);
            }
        }
    })();

    // At this moment, codeArray = [1,"+",2,"*",3]

    return syntaxTree;
}

alert('Returned: ' + generateSyntaxTree("1 + 2 * 3"));

Answer 1

如果不使用 FLEX/BISON 或任何其他类似软件包，则执行自上而下解析器的方法是首先编写一个可以解析输入并提供令牌的标记器。

基本上你需要一个提供getNextToken、peekNextToken和skipNextToken的分词器。

然后你就用这个结构往下走。

// parser.js
var input, currToken, pos;

var TOK_OPERATOR = 1;
var TOK_NUMBER = 2;
var TOK_EOF = 3;

function nextToken() {
  var c, tok = {};

  while(pos < input.length) {
    c = input.charAt(pos++);
    switch(c) {
      case '+':
      case '-':
      case '*':
      case '/':
      case '(':
      case ')':
    tok.op = c;
    tok.type = TOK_OPERATOR;
    return tok;

      case '0':
      case '1':
      case '2':
      case '3':
      case '4':
      case '5':
      case '6':
      case '7':
      case '8':
      case '9':
    tok.value = c;
    tok.type = TOK_NUMBER;
    return tok;

      default:
    throw "Unexpected character: " + c;
    }
  }
  tok.type = TOK_EOF;
  return tok;
}

function getNextToken() {
  var ret;

  if(currToken)
    ret = currToken;
  else
    ret = nextToken();

  currToken = undefined;

  return ret;
}

function peekNextToken() {
  if(!currToken)
    currToken = nextToken();

  return currToken;
}

function skipNextToken() {
  if(!currToken)
    currToken = nextToken();
  currToken = undefined;
}

function parseString(str) {
  input = str;
  pos = 0;

  return expression();
}


function expression() {
  return additiveExpression();
}

function additiveExpression() {
  var left = multiplicativeExpression();
    var tok = peekNextToken();
    while(tok.type == TOK_OPERATOR && (tok.op == '+' || tok.op == '-') ) {
        skipNextToken();
        var node = {};
        node.op = tok.op;
        node.left = left;
        node.right = multiplicativeExpression();
        left = node;
    tok = peekNextToken();
    }
    return left;
}

function multiplicativeExpression() {
  var left = primaryExpression();
    var tok = peekNextToken();
    while(tok.type == TOK_OPERATOR &&  (tok.op == '*' || tok.op == '/') ) {
        skipNextToken();
        var node = {};
        node.op = tok.op;
        node.left = left;
        node.right = primaryExpression();
        left = node;
    tok = peekNextToken();
    }
    return left;
}

function primaryExpression() {
  var tok = peekNextToken();
  if(tok.type == TOK_NUMBER) {
    skipNextToken();
    node = {};
    node.value = tok.value;
    return node;
  }
  else
  if(tok.type == TOK_OPERATOR && tok.op == '(') {
    skipNextToken();
    var node = expression(); // The beauty of recursion
    tok = getNextToken();
    if(tok.type != TOK_OPERATOR || tok.op != ')')
      throw "Error ) expected";
    return node    
  }
  else
    throw "Error " + tok + " not exptected";
}

如您所见，您首先请求最低权限的操作，这需要下一个更高权限的操作作为其左右项，依此类推。一元运算符的结构略有不同。巧妙的是在遇到括号时最后的递归。

这是一个使用解析器并呈现解析树的演示页面（有它的代码......）

<html>
<head>
<title>tree</title>
<script src="parser.js"></script>
</head>

<body onload="testParser()">

<script>

function createTreeNode(x, y, val, color) {
  var node = document.createElement("div");
  node.style.position = "absolute";
  node.style.left = "" + x;
  node.style.top = "" + y;

  node.style.border= "solid";
  node.style.borderWidth= 1;
  node.style.backgroundColor= color;

  node.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val));

  return node;
};

var yStep = 24;
var width = 800;
var height = 600;

var RED = "#ffc0c0";
var BLUE = "#c0c0ff";

container = document.createElement("div");
container.style.width = width;
container.style.height = height;
container.style.border = "solid";

document.body.appendChild(container);

var svgNS = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg";

function renderLink(x1, y1, x2, y2)
{
  var left = Math.min(x1,x2);
  var top = Math.min(y1,y2);

  var width = 1+Math.abs(x2-x1);
  var height = 1+Math.abs(y2-y1);

  var svg = document.createElementNS(svgNS, "svg");
  svg.setAttribute("x", left);
  svg.setAttribute("y",  top);
  svg.setAttribute("width", width );
  svg.setAttribute("height", height );

  var line = document.createElementNS(svgNS,"line");

  line.setAttribute("x1", (x1 - left) );
  line.setAttribute("x2", (x2 - left) );
  line.setAttribute("y1", (y1 - top) );
  line.setAttribute("y2", (y2 - top) );
  line.setAttribute("stroke-width",  "1");
  line.setAttribute("stroke",  "black");
  svg.appendChild(line);

  var div = document.createElement("div");
  div.style.position = "absolute";
  div.style.left = left;
  div.style.top = top;
  div.style.width = width;
  div.style.height = height;

  div.appendChild(svg);
  container.appendChild(div);  
}

function getHeight(dom) {
    var h = dom.offsetHeight;
    return h;
}

function getWidth(dom) {
    var w = dom.offsetWidth;
    return w;
}

function renderTree(x, y, node, width, height)
{
    if(height < 1.5*yStep)
    height = 1.5*yStep;

    var val;
    if(node.op) {
      val = node.op;
      color = BLUE;
    }
    else
      if(node.value) {
    val = node.value;
    color = RED;
      }
      else
    val = "?";

    var dom = createTreeNode(x, y, val, color);
    container.appendChild(dom);

    var w = getWidth(dom);
    var h = getHeight(dom);

    var nx, ny;

    var child;

    if(node.left) {
    nx = x - width/2;
    ny = y+height;
    var child = renderTree(nx, ny, node.left, width/2, height/2);
        renderLink(x+w/2, y+h, nx+getWidth(child)/2, ny);
    }

    if(node.right) {
    nx = x + width/2;
    ny = y+height;

    child = renderTree(nx, ny, node.right, width/2, height/2);
        renderLink(x+w/2, y+h, nx+getWidth(child)/2, ny);
    }
    return dom;
}

var root;

function testParser()
{
  var str = "1+2*5-5*(9+2)";

  var exp = document.createElement("div");
  exp.appendChild(document.createTextNode(str));
  container.appendChild(exp);
  var tree = parseString(str);
  renderTree(width/2, 20, tree, width/2, 4*yStep);
}

</script>

</body>
</html>

Answer 2

要做的事情是使用像 flex 或 ANTLR 这样的解析器生成器（在 google 上搜索会找到适合您的语言的）。

但如果您这样做是为了好玩或了解解析器的工作原理，请在维基百科中查找递归下降解析器。

可以很容易地为这样的简单表达式制作一个简单的递归下降解析器。您可以将语法定义为：

<expression> ::= <term> | <term> <add_op> <expression>
<term> ::= <factor> | <factor> <mul_op> <term>
<factor> ::= ( <expression> ) | <number> 
<add_op> ::= + | -
<mul_op> ::= * | /

请注意，通过使<term> 的规则包含<factor> 的规则，此语法可确保所有乘法/除法运算在解析树中发生的位置低于任何加法/减法。这可确保首先评估这些操作。

Answer 3

您是否阅读过解析器背后的理论？维基百科（一如既往）有一些好文章可供阅读：

• LR parser
• Recursive descent parser

Answer 4

我曾经做过一个有趣的小计算器，遇到了和你一样的问题，我解决了 首先，在不牢记顺序优先级的情况下构建语法树。每个节点都有一个优先级值，当评估非常数时，我会检查左节点：如果它的优先级较低，我会顺时针旋转树：将它带入评估并首先评估它，同样适用于右节点。然后我会尝试再次评估。它似乎对我来说足够好。