这是一种方法,请注意,我不使用数据中提供的均值/标准差,而是即时重新计算。
另请注意,通常数据应位于tidy data representation 中,在您的情况下,这意味着 a、b、c 将在列中,然后 mean/sd 将即时计算或位于单独的列中(注意这将重塑数据,此处未显示)。
# your input data
raw_data <- data.frame(
a = c(4, 3, 2, 3, 1),
b = c(3, 2, 1, 2, 1),
c = c(4, 6, 8, 6, 2),
row.names = c("a", "b", "c", "d", "e")
)
raw_data
#> a b c
#> a 4 3 4
#> b 3 2 6
#> c 2 1 8
#> d 3 2 6
#> e 1 1 2
# remove the mean/sd values
data <- raw_data[!rownames(raw_data) %in% c("d", "e"), ]
data
#> a b c
#> a 4 3 4
#> b 3 2 6
#> c 2 1 8
# quick way to recalculate the values
means <- apply(data, 2, mean)
means
#> a b c
#> 3 2 6
sds <- apply(data, 2, sd)
sds
#> a b c
#> 1 1 2
z_scores <- apply(data, 2, function(x) (x - mean(x)) / sd(x))
z_scores
#> a b c
#> a 1 1 -1
#> b 0 0 0
#> c -1 -1 1
由reprex package (v0.3.0) 于 2021-01-07 创建
编辑/完整代码
以下代码有点长,但大部分用于将数据转换为正确的(长/整齐)格式。
如果您有任何问题,请随时使用 cmets。
请注意,tidyverse 确实很有帮助,但可能需要一些时间来适应。这里使用的代码大多是dplyr(包含在tidyverse中)。
如果您了解这些功能:%>% (pipe)、group_by()、mutate()、summarise() 和 pivot_longer/wider(),您就掌握了一切。
library(tidyverse)
# use your original dataset again
raw_data <- data.frame(
a = c(4, 3, 2, 3, 1),
b = c(3, 2, 1, 2, 1),
c = c(4, 6, 8, 6, 2),
row.names = c("a", "b", "c", "d", "e")
)
### 1) Turn the data into a nicer format
# match-table how to rename the variables
var_match <- c(d = "mean", e = "sd")
# convert the raw data into a nicer format, first we do some minor changes
# (variable names, etc)
data_mixed <- raw_data %>%
# have the rownames as explicit variable
rownames_to_column("metric") %>%
# nicer printing etc
as_tibble() %>%
# replace variable names with mean/sd
mutate(metric = ifelse(metric %in% c("d", "e"),
var_match[metric], metric))
data_mixed
#> # A tibble: 5 x 4
#> metric a b c
#> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 a 4 3 4
#> 2 b 3 2 6
#> 3 c 2 1 8
#> 4 mean 3 2 6
#> 5 sd 1 1 2
# separate the dataset into two:
# data holds the values
# data_vars holds the metrics mean and sd
data <- data_mixed %>% filter(!metric %in% var_match) %>% select(-metric)
data_vars <- data_mixed %>% filter(metric %in% var_match)
data
#> # A tibble: 3 x 3
#> a b c
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 4 3 4
#> 2 3 2 6
#> 3 2 1 8
data_vars
#> # A tibble: 2 x 4
#> metric a b c
#> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 mean 3 2 6
#> 2 sd 1 1 2
# turn the value dataset into its longer form, makes it easier to work with it later
data_long <- data %>%
pivot_longer(everything(), names_to = "var", values_to = "val")
data_long
#> # A tibble: 9 x 2
#> var val
#> <chr> <dbl>
#> 1 a 4
#> 2 b 3
#> 3 c 4
#> 4 a 3
#> 5 b 2
#> 6 c 6
#> 7 a 2
#> 8 b 1
#> 9 c 8
# turn the metric dataset into another long form, allowing easy combination in the next step
data_vars2 <- data_vars %>%
pivot_longer(-metric, names_to = "var", values_to = "val") %>%
pivot_wider(var, names_from = metric, values_from = val)
data_vars2
#> # A tibble: 3 x 3
#> var mean sd
#> <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 a 3 1
#> 2 b 2 1
#> 3 c 6 2
# combine the datasets
data_all <- left_join(data_long, data_vars2, by = "var")
data_all
#> # A tibble: 9 x 4
#> var val mean sd
#> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 a 4 3 1
#> 2 b 3 2 1
#> 3 c 4 6 2
#> 4 a 3 3 1
#> 5 b 2 2 1
#> 6 c 6 6 2
#> 7 a 2 3 1
#> 8 b 1 2 1
#> 9 c 8 6 2
## 2) calculate the z-score
# now comes the actual number crunchin!
# per variable var (a, b, c) compute the variable val_z as the z-score
data_res <- data_all %>%
group_by(var) %>%
mutate(val_z = (val - mean) / sd)
data_res
#> # A tibble: 9 x 5
#> # Groups: var [3]
#> var val mean sd val_z
#> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 a 4 3 1 1
#> 2 b 3 2 1 1
#> 3 c 4 6 2 -1
#> 4 a 3 3 1 0
#> 5 b 2 2 1 0
#> 6 c 6 6 2 0
#> 7 a 2 3 1 -1
#> 8 b 1 2 1 -1
#> 9 c 8 6 2 1
## 3) make the results more readable
# lastly pivot the results to its original form
data_res_wide <- data_res %>%
select(var, val_z) %>%
group_by(var) %>%
mutate(id = 1:n()) %>% # needed for easier identification of values
pivot_wider(id, names_from = var, values_from = val_z)
data_res_wide
#> # A tibble: 3 x 4
#> id a b c
#> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 1 1 1 -1
#> 2 2 0 0 0
#> 3 3 -1 -1 1
由reprex package (v0.3.0) 于 2021-01-07 创建