我搜索非迭代、封闭形式的算法，以找到最接近 3d 线集的点的最小二乘解。它类似于 3d 点三角测量（以最小化重新投影）但似乎更简单更快？
线可以用任何形式描述，2点，点和单位方向或类似的。
【问题讨论】：
标签： algorithm computer-vision geometry linear-algebra computational-geometry
我需要这个作为 Processing 中的草图，所以我移植了 Gene 的答案。效果很好，并认为它可以为其他人节省一点时间。不幸的是，PVector/PMatrix 没有向量或矩阵的数组访问器，所以我不得不将它们添加为本地函数。
float getv(PVector v, int i) {
if(i == 0) return v.x;
if(i == 1) return v.y;
return v.z;
}
void setv(PVector v, int i, float value) {
if (i == 0) v.x = value;
else if (i == 1) v.y = value;
else v.z = value;
}
void incv(PVector v, int i, float value) {
setv(v,i,getv(v,i) + value);
}
float getm(float[] mm, int r, int c) { return mm[c + r*4]; }
void setm(float[] mm, int r, int c, float value) { mm[c + r*4] = value; }
void incm(float[] mm, int r, int c, float value) { mm[c + r*4] += value; }
PVector findNearestPoint(PVector a[], PVector d[]) {
var mm = new float[16];
var b = new PVector();
var n = a.length;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
var d2 = d[i].dot(d[i]);
var da = d[i].dot(a[i]);
for (int ii = 0; ii < 3; ++ii) {
for (int jj = 0; jj < 3; ++jj) {
incm(mm,ii,jj, getv(d[i],ii) * getv(d[i],jj));
}
incm(mm, ii,ii, -d2);
incv(b, ii, getv(d[i], ii) * da - getv(a[i], ii) * d2);
}
}
var p = solve(mm, new float[] {b.x, b.y, b.z});
return new PVector(p[0],p[1],p[2]);
}
// Verifier
float dist2(PVector p, PVector a, PVector d) {
PVector pa = new PVector( a.x-p.x, a.y-p.y, a.z-p.z );
float dpa = d.dot(pa);
return d.dot(d) * pa.dot(pa) - dpa * dpa;
}
//double sum_dist2(VEC p, VEC a[], VEC d[], int n) {
float sum_dist2(PVector p, PVector a[], PVector d[]) {
int n = a.length;
float sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
sum += dist2(p, a[i], d[i]);
}
return sum;
}
// Check 26 nearby points and verify the provided one is nearest.
boolean isNearest(PVector p, PVector a[], PVector d[]) {
float min_d2 = 3.4028235E38;
int ii = 2, jj = 2, kk = 2;
final float D = 0.1f;
for (int i = -1; i <= 1; ++i)
for (int j = -1; j <= 1; ++j)
for (int k = -1; k <= 1; ++k) {
PVector pp = new PVector( p.x + D * i, p.y + D * j, p.z + D * k );
float d2 = sum_dist2(pp, a, d);
// Prefer provided point among equals.
if (d2 < min_d2 || i == 0 && j == 0 && k == 0 && d2 == min_d2) {
min_d2 = d2;
ii = i; jj = j; kk = k;
}
}
return ii == 0 && jj == 0 && kk == 0;
}
void setup() {
PVector a[] = {
new PVector(-14.2, 17, -1),
new PVector(1, 1, 1),
new PVector(2.3, 4.1, 9.8),
new PVector(1,2,3)
};
PVector d[] = {
new PVector(1.3, 1.3, -10),
new PVector(12.1, -17.2, 1.1),
new PVector(19.2, 31.8, 3.5),
new PVector(4,5,6)
};
int n = 4;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
d[i].normalize();
PVector p = findNearestPoint(a, d);
println(p);
if (!isNearest(p, a, d))
println("Woops. Not nearest.\n");
}
// From rosettacode (with bug fix: added a missing fabs())
int mat_elem(int y, int x) { return y*4+x; }
void swap_row(float[] a, float[] b, int r1, int r2, int n)
{
float tmp;
int p1, p2;
int i;
if (r1 == r2) return;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
p1 = mat_elem(r1, i);
p2 = mat_elem(r2, i);
tmp = a[p1];
a[p1] = a[p2];
a[p2] = tmp;
}
tmp = b[r1];
b[r1] = b[r2];
b[r2] = tmp;
}
float[] solve(float[] a, float[] b)
{
float[] x = new float[] {0,0,0};
int n = x.length;
int i, j, col, row, max_row, dia;
float max, tmp;
for (dia = 0; dia < n; dia++) {
max_row = dia;
max = abs(getm(a, dia, dia));
for (row = dia + 1; row < n; row++) {
if ((tmp = abs(getm(a, row, dia))) > max) {
max_row = row;
max = tmp;
}
}
swap_row(a, b, dia, max_row, n);
for (row = dia + 1; row < n; row++) {
tmp = getm(a, row, dia) / getm(a, dia, dia);
for (col = dia+1; col < n; col++) {
incm(a, row, col, -tmp * getm(a, dia, col));
}
setm(a,row,dia, 0);
b[row] -= tmp * b[dia];
}
}
for (row = n - 1; row >= 0; row--) {
tmp = b[row];
for (j = n - 1; j > row; j--) {
tmp -= x[j] * getm(a, row, j);
}
x[row] = tmp / getm(a, row, row);
}
return x;
}
【讨论】：
让第i行由点ai和单位方向向量di给出>。我们需要找到最小化点到线距离平方和的单点。这是梯度为零向量的地方：
扩大渐变，
代数产生一个规范的 3x3 线性系统，
矩阵 M 的第 k 行（一个 3 元素行向量）在哪里
用向量ek各自的单位基向量，而
将其转换为代码并不难。我从 Rosettacode 借用（并修复了一个小错误）一个高斯消除函数来解决这个系统。感谢作者！
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
typedef double VEC[3];
typedef VEC MAT[3];
void solve(double *a, double *b, double *x, int n); // linear solver
double dot(VEC a, VEC b) { return a[0]*b[0] + a[1]*b[1] + a[2]*b[2]; }
void find_nearest_point(VEC p, VEC a[], VEC d[], int n) {
MAT m = {{0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0}};
VEC b = {0, 0, 0};
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
double d2 = dot(d[i], d[i]), da = dot(d[i], a[i]);
for (int ii = 0; ii < 3; ++ii) {
for (int jj = 0; jj < 3; ++jj) m[ii][jj] += d[i][ii] * d[i][jj];
m[ii][ii] -= d2;
b[ii] += d[i][ii] * da - a[i][ii] * d2;
}
}
solve(&m[0][0], b, p, 3);
}
void pp(VEC v, char *l, char *r) {
printf("%s%.3lf, %.3lf, %.3lf%s", l, v[0], v[1], v[2], r);
}
void pv(VEC v) { pp(v, "(", ")"); }
void pm(MAT m) { for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) pp(m[i], "\n[", "]"); }
// Verifier
double dist2(VEC p, VEC a, VEC d) {
VEC pa = { a[0]-p[0], a[1]-p[1], a[2]-p[2] };
double dpa = dot(d, pa);
return dot(d, d) * dot(pa, pa) - dpa * dpa;
}
double sum_dist2(VEC p, VEC a[], VEC d[], int n) {
double sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) sum += dist2(p, a[i], d[i]);
return sum;
}
// Check 26 nearby points and verify the provided one is nearest.
int is_nearest(VEC p, VEC a[], VEC d[], int n) {
double min_d2 = 1e100;
int ii = 2, jj = 2, kk = 2;
#define D 0.01
for (int i = -1; i <= 1; ++i)
for (int j = -1; j <= 1; ++j)
for (int k = -1; k <= 1; ++k) {
VEC pp = { p[0] + D * i, p[1] + D * j, p[2] + D * k };
double d2 = sum_dist2(pp, a, d, n);
// Prefer provided point among equals.
if (d2 < min_d2 || i == 0 && j == 0 && k == 0 && d2 == min_d2) {
min_d2 = d2;
ii = i; jj = j; kk = k;
}
}
return ii == 0 && jj == 0 && kk == 0;
}
void normalize(VEC v) {
double len = sqrt(dot(v, v));
v[0] /= len;
v[1] /= len;
v[2] /= len;
}
int main(void) {
VEC a[] = {{-14.2, 17, -1}, {1, 1, 1}, {2.3, 4.1, 9.8}, {1,2,3}};
VEC d[] = {{1.3, 1.3, -10}, {12.1, -17.2, 1.1}, {19.2, 31.8, 3.5}, {4,5,6}};
int n = 4;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) normalize(d[i]);
VEC p;
find_nearest_point(p, a, d, n);
pv(p);
printf("\n");
if (!is_nearest(p, a, d, n)) printf("Woops. Not nearest.\n");
return 0;
}
// From rosettacode (with bug fix: added a missing fabs())
#define mat_elem(a, y, x, n) (a + ((y) * (n) + (x)))
void swap_row(double *a, double *b, int r1, int r2, int n)
{
double tmp, *p1, *p2;
int i;
if (r1 == r2) return;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
p1 = mat_elem(a, r1, i, n);
p2 = mat_elem(a, r2, i, n);
tmp = *p1, *p1 = *p2, *p2 = tmp;
}
tmp = b[r1], b[r1] = b[r2], b[r2] = tmp;
}
void solve(double *a, double *b, double *x, int n)
{
#define A(y, x) (*mat_elem(a, y, x, n))
int i, j, col, row, max_row, dia;
double max, tmp;
for (dia = 0; dia < n; dia++) {
max_row = dia, max = fabs(A(dia, dia));
for (row = dia + 1; row < n; row++)
if ((tmp = fabs(A(row, dia))) > max) max_row = row, max = tmp;
swap_row(a, b, dia, max_row, n);
for (row = dia + 1; row < n; row++) {
tmp = A(row, dia) / A(dia, dia);
for (col = dia+1; col < n; col++)
A(row, col) -= tmp * A(dia, col);
A(row, dia) = 0;
b[row] -= tmp * b[dia];
}
}
for (row = n - 1; row >= 0; row--) {
tmp = b[row];
for (j = n - 1; j > row; j--) tmp -= x[j] * A(row, j);
x[row] = tmp / A(row, row);
}
#undef A
}
这没有经过广泛的测试，但似乎工作正常。
【讨论】：
设直线的基点为p，单位方向向量为d。
然后可以计算点v到这条线的距离using cross product
SquaredDist = ((v - p) x d)^2
使用Maple包符号计算，可以得到
d := <dx, dy, dz>;
v := <vx, vy, vz>;
p := <px, py, pz>;
w := v - p;
cp := CrossProduct(d, w);
nrm := BilinearForm(cp, cp, conjugate=false); //squared dist
nr := expand(nrm);
//now partial derivatives
nrx := diff(nr, vx);
//results:
nrx := -2*dz^2*px-2*dy^2*px+2*dz^2*vx+2*dy^2*vx
+2*dx*py*dy-2*dx*vy*dy+2*dz*dx*pz-2*dz*dx*vz
nry := -2*dx^2*py-2*dz^2*py-2*dy*vz*dz+2*dx^2*vy
+2*dz^2*vy+2*dy*pz*dz+2*dx*dy*px-2*dx*dy*vx
nrz := -2*dy^2*pz+2*dy^2*vz-2*dy*dz*vy+2*dx^2*vz
-2*dx^2*pz-2*dz*vx*dx+2*dy*dz*py+2*dz*px*dx
为了最小化距离平方和，我们必须为零偏导数建立线性方程组，如下所示：
vx*2*(Sum(dz^2)+Sum(dy^2)) + vy * (-2*Sum(dx*dy)) + vz *(-2*Sum(dz*dx)) =
2*Sum(dz^2*px)-2*Sum(dy^2*px) -2*Sum(dx*py*dy)-2*Sum(dz*dx*pz)
where
Sum(dz^2) = Sum{over all i in line indexes} {dz[i] * dz[i]}
求解未知数 vx, vy, vz
编辑：飞机而不是线的旧错误答案，留作参考
如果我们使用一般的直线方程
A * x + B * y + C * z + D = 0
那么点 (x, y, z) 到这条线的距离是
Dist = Abs(A * x + B * y + C * z + D) / Sqrt(A^2 + B^2 + C^2)
为了简化 - 只需标准化除以Norm's 的所有线方程
Norm = Sqrt(A^2 + B^2 + C^2)
a = A / Norm
b = B / Norm
c = C / Norm
d = D / Norm
现在方程是
a * x + b * y + c * z + d = 0
和距离
Dist = Abs(a * x + b * y + c * z + d)
我们可以使用像 LS 方法这样的平方距离（ai, bi, ci, di 是第 i 行的系数）
F = Sum(ai*x + bi*y + ci * z + d)^2 =
Sum(ai^2*x^2 + bi^2*y^2 + ci^2*z^2 + d^2 +
2 * (ai*bi*x*y + ai*ci*x*z + bi*y*ci*z + ai*x*di + bi*y*di + ci*z*di))
partial derivatives
dF/dx = 2*Sum(ai^2*x + ai*bi*y + ai*ci*z + ai*di) = 0
dF/dy = 2*Sum(bi^2*y + ai*bi*x + bi*ci*z + bi*di) = 0
dF/dz = 2*Sum(ci^2*z + ai*ci*x + bi*ci*y + ci*di) = 0
so we have system of linear equation
x * Sum(ai^2) + y * Sum(ai*bi) + z * Sum(ai*ci)= - Sum(ai*di)
y * Sum(bi^2) + x * Sum(ai*bi) + z * Sum(bi*ci)= - Sum(bi*di)
z * Sum(ci^2) + x * Sum(ai*ci) + y * Sum(bi*ci)= - Sum(ci*di)
x * Saa + y * Sab + z * Sac = - Sad
x * Sab + y * Sbb + z * Sbc = - Sbd
x * Sac + y * Sbc + z * Scc = - Scd
where S** are corresponding sums
并且可以解决未知数x, y, z
【讨论】：
A * x + B * y + C * z + D = 0 不是 3D 中的线，而是平面。因此，以下计算可能也不符合 OP 的问题。
gradient( sum_i (d_i x (p_i - v))^2 ) = 0，即 3 个未知数中的 3 个方程。