【问题标题】:How to draw vertical lines on a given plot in matplotlib如何在matplotlib中的给定图上绘制垂直线
【发布时间】:2014-09-19 05:44:53
【问题描述】:

给定时间表示的信号图,如何绘制标记相应时间索引的线?

具体来说,给定一个时间索引范围为 0 到 2.6(s) 的信号图,我想为列表[0.22058956, 0.33088437, 2.20589566] 绘制表示对应时间索引的垂直红线,我该怎么做?

【问题讨论】:

    标签: python matplotlib


    【解决方案1】:

    添加覆盖整个绘图窗口的垂直线的标准方法是plt.axvline

    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    
    plt.axvline(x=0.22058956)
    plt.axvline(x=0.33088437)
    plt.axvline(x=2.20589566)
    

    xcoords = [0.22058956, 0.33088437, 2.20589566]
    for xc in xcoords:
        plt.axvline(x=xc)
    

    您可以使用许多可用于其他绘图命令的关键字(例如colorlinestylelinewidth ...)。如果您喜欢坐标轴坐标,您可以传入关键字参数yminymax(例如ymin=0.25ymax=0.75 将覆盖图的中间部分)。水平线(axhline)和矩形(axvspan)都有对应的函数。

    【讨论】:

      【解决方案2】:

      多行

      xposition = [0.3, 0.4, 0.45]
      for xc in xposition:
          plt.axvline(x=xc, color='k', linestyle='--')
      

      【讨论】:

        【解决方案3】:

        matplotlib.pyplot.vlinesmatplotlib.pyplot.axvline

        • 不同之处在于vlines 接受x 的1 个或多个位置,而axvline 允许一个位置。
          • 单一位置:x=37
          • 多个位置:x=[37, 38, 39]
        • vlinesyminymax 作为 y 轴上的位置,而 axvlineyminymax 作为 y 轴范围的百分比。
          • 将多行传递给vlines 时,将list 传递给yminymax
        • 如果您要绘制带有fig, ax = plt.subplots() 之类的图形,则将plt.vlinesplt.axvline 分别替换为ax.vlinesax.axvline
        • 查看answer 以获取带有.hlines 的水平线
        import numpy as np
        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
        
        xs = np.linspace(1, 21, 200)
        
        plt.figure(figsize=(10, 7))
        
        # only one line may be specified; full height
        plt.axvline(x=36, color='b', label='axvline - full height')
        
        # only one line may be specified; ymin & ymax specified as a percentage of y-range
        plt.axvline(x=36.25, ymin=0.05, ymax=0.95, color='b', label='axvline - % of full height')
        
        # multiple lines all full height
        plt.vlines(x=[37, 37.25, 37.5], ymin=0, ymax=len(xs), colors='purple', ls='--', lw=2, label='vline_multiple - full height')
        
        # multiple lines with varying ymin and ymax
        plt.vlines(x=[38, 38.25, 38.5], ymin=[0, 25, 75], ymax=[200, 175, 150], colors='teal', ls='--', lw=2, label='vline_multiple - partial height')
        
        # single vline with full ymin and ymax
        plt.vlines(x=39, ymin=0, ymax=len(xs), colors='green', ls=':', lw=2, label='vline_single - full height')
        
        # single vline with specific ymin and ymax
        plt.vlines(x=39.25, ymin=25, ymax=150, colors='green', ls=':', lw=2, label='vline_single - partial height')
        
        # place legend outside
        plt.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1.0, 1), loc='upper left')
        
        plt.show()
        

        条形图和直方图

        • 请注意,无论轴标签如何,条形图的索引通常为 0,因此请根据条形索引而不是刻度标签选择 x
          • ax.get_xticklabels() 将显示位置和标签。
        import pandas as pd
        import seaborn as sns
        
        # load data
        tips = sns.load_dataset('tips')
        
        # histogram
        ax = tips.plot(kind='hist', y='total_bill', bins=30, ec='k', title='Histogram with Vertical Line')
        _ = ax.vlines(x=16.5, ymin=0, ymax=30, colors='r')
        
        # barplot 
        ax = tips.loc[5:25, ['total_bill', 'tip']].plot(kind='bar', figsize=(15, 4), title='Barplot with Vertical Lines', rot=0)
        _ = ax.vlines(x=[0, 17], ymin=0, ymax=45, colors='r')
        

        时间序列轴

        import pandas_datareader as web  # conda or pip install this; not part of pandas
        import pandas as pd
        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
        from datetime import datetime
        
        # get test data; this data is downloaded with the Date column in the index as a datetime dtype
        df = web.DataReader('^gspc', data_source='yahoo', start='2020-09-01', end='2020-09-28').iloc[:, :2]
        
        # display(df.head())
                           High          Low
        Date                                
        2020-09-01  3528.030029  3494.600098
        2020-09-02  3588.110107  3535.229980
        
        # plot dataframe; the index is a datetime index
        ax = df.plot(figsize=(9, 6), title='S&P 500', ylabel='Price')
        
        # add vertical line
        ax.vlines(x=[datetime(2020, 9, 2), '2020-09-24'], ymin=3200, ymax=3600, color='r', label='test lines')
        
        ax.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1, 1), loc='upper left')
        plt.show()
        

        【讨论】:

          【解决方案4】:

          如果有人想在一些垂直线上添加legend 和/或colors,那么使用这个:


          import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
          
          # x coordinates for the lines
          xcoords = [0.1, 0.3, 0.5]
          # colors for the lines
          colors = ['r','k','b']
          
          for xc,c in zip(xcoords,colors):
              plt.axvline(x=xc, label='line at x = {}'.format(xc), c=c)
          
          plt.legend()
          plt.show()
          

          结果:

          【讨论】:

            【解决方案5】:

            正如其他人所建议的那样,在循环中调用 axvline 是可行的,但可能会带来不便,因为

            1. 每一行都是一个单独的绘图对象,当你有很多行时,这会导致速度非常慢。
            2. 创建图例时,每行都有一个新条目,这可能不是您想要的。

            相反,您可以使用以下便捷函数将所有线条创建为单个绘图对象:

            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            import numpy as np
            
            
            def axhlines(ys, ax=None, lims=None, **plot_kwargs):
                """
                Draw horizontal lines across plot
                :param ys: A scalar, list, or 1D array of vertical offsets
                :param ax: The axis (or none to use gca)
                :param lims: Optionally the (xmin, xmax) of the lines
                :param plot_kwargs: Keyword arguments to be passed to plot
                :return: The plot object corresponding to the lines.
                """
                if ax is None:
                    ax = plt.gca()
                ys = np.array((ys, ) if np.isscalar(ys) else ys, copy=False)
                if lims is None:
                    lims = ax.get_xlim()
                y_points = np.repeat(ys[:, None], repeats=3, axis=1).flatten()
                x_points = np.repeat(np.array(lims + (np.nan, ))[None, :], repeats=len(ys), axis=0).flatten()
                plot = ax.plot(x_points, y_points, scalex = False, **plot_kwargs)
                return plot
            
            
            def axvlines(xs, ax=None, lims=None, **plot_kwargs):
                """
                Draw vertical lines on plot
                :param xs: A scalar, list, or 1D array of horizontal offsets
                :param ax: The axis (or none to use gca)
                :param lims: Optionally the (ymin, ymax) of the lines
                :param plot_kwargs: Keyword arguments to be passed to plot
                :return: The plot object corresponding to the lines.
                """
                if ax is None:
                    ax = plt.gca()
                xs = np.array((xs, ) if np.isscalar(xs) else xs, copy=False)
                if lims is None:
                    lims = ax.get_ylim()
                x_points = np.repeat(xs[:, None], repeats=3, axis=1).flatten()
                y_points = np.repeat(np.array(lims + (np.nan, ))[None, :], repeats=len(xs), axis=0).flatten()
                plot = ax.plot(x_points, y_points, scaley = False, **plot_kwargs)
                return plot
            

            【讨论】:

              【解决方案6】:

              除了上面答案中提供的plt.axvlineplt.plot((x1, x2), (y1, y2))plt.plot([x1, x2], [y1, y2])之外,还可以使用

              plt.vlines(x_pos, ymin=y1, ymax=y2)
              

              x_pos 处绘制一条从y1y2 的垂直线,其中y1y2 的值位于绝对数据坐标中。

              【讨论】:

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