尽管这是一个有点老的问题，但我想我会为遇到此问题的任何人提供一个实用的答案。
假设您将连接的输入数据作为元组列表获取，如下所示：
[('A', 'B'), ('B', 'C'), ('B', 'D'), ('C', 'D'), ('E', 'F'), ('F', 'C')]
我发现对 Python 中的图最有用和最有效的数据结构是 集合字典。这将是我们Graph 类的底层结构。您还必须知道这些连接是弧（有向，单向连接）还是边（无向，双向连接）。我们将通过将directed 参数添加到Graph.__init__ 方法来处理这个问题。我们还将添加一些其他有用的方法。
import pprint
from collections import defaultdict
class Graph(object):
""" Graph data structure, undirected by default. """
def __init__(self, connections, directed=False):
self._graph = defaultdict(set)
self._directed = directed
self.add_connections(connections)
def add_connections(self, connections):
""" Add connections (list of tuple pairs) to graph """
for node1, node2 in connections:
self.add(node1, node2)
def add(self, node1, node2):
""" Add connection between node1 and node2 """
self._graph[node1].add(node2)
if not self._directed:
self._graph[node2].add(node1)
def remove(self, node):
""" Remove all references to node """
for n, cxns in self._graph.items(): # python3: items(); python2: iteritems()
try:
cxns.remove(node)
except KeyError:
pass
try:
del self._graph[node]
except KeyError:
pass
def is_connected(self, node1, node2):
""" Is node1 directly connected to node2 """
return node1 in self._graph and node2 in self._graph[node1]
def find_path(self, node1, node2, path=[]):
""" Find any path between node1 and node2 (may not be shortest) """
path = path + [node1]
if node1 == node2:
return path
if node1 not in self._graph:
return None
for node in self._graph[node1]:
if node not in path:
new_path = self.find_path(node, node2, path)
if new_path:
return new_path
return None
def __str__(self):
return '{}({})'.format(self.__class__.__name__, dict(self._graph))
我将把它作为“读者练习”来创建find_shortest_path 和其他方法。
让我们看看实际情况......
>>> connections = [('A', 'B'), ('B', 'C'), ('B', 'D'),
('C', 'D'), ('E', 'F'), ('F', 'C')]
>>> g = Graph(connections, directed=True)
>>> pretty_print = pprint.PrettyPrinter()
>>> pretty_print.pprint(g._graph)
{'A': {'B'},
'B': {'D', 'C'},
'C': {'D'},
'E': {'F'},
'F': {'C'}}
>>> g = Graph(connections) # undirected
>>> pretty_print = pprint.PrettyPrinter()
>>> pretty_print.pprint(g._graph)
{'A': {'B'},
'B': {'D', 'A', 'C'},
'C': {'D', 'F', 'B'},
'D': {'C', 'B'},
'E': {'F'},
'F': {'E', 'C'}}
>>> g.add('E', 'D')
>>> pretty_print.pprint(g._graph)
{'A': {'B'},
'B': {'D', 'A', 'C'},
'C': {'D', 'F', 'B'},
'D': {'C', 'E', 'B'},
'E': {'D', 'F'},
'F': {'E', 'C'}}
>>> g.remove('A')
>>> pretty_print.pprint(g._graph)
{'B': {'D', 'C'},
'C': {'D', 'F', 'B'},
'D': {'C', 'E', 'B'},
'E': {'D', 'F'},
'F': {'E', 'C'}}
>>> g.add('G', 'B')
>>> pretty_print.pprint(g._graph)
{'B': {'D', 'G', 'C'},
'C': {'D', 'F', 'B'},
'D': {'C', 'E', 'B'},
'E': {'D', 'F'},
'F': {'E', 'C'},
'G': {'B'}}
>>> g.find_path('G', 'E')
['G', 'B', 'D', 'C', 'F', 'E']