16.Given several input vectors, concatenate them together then split them up into several output vectors. There are six 5-bit input vectors: a, b, c, d, e, and f, for a total of 30 bits of input. There are four 8-bit output vectors: w, x, y, and z, for 32 bits of output. The output should be a concatenation of the input vectors followed by two 1 bits:
module top_module ( input [4:0] a, b, c, d, e, f, output [7:0] w, x, y, z );// // assign { ... } = { ... }; assign {w,x,y,z}={a,b,c,d,e,f,2'b11}; endmodule
17.Given an 8-bit input vector [7:0], reverse its bit ordering.(注意顺序！！！)
module top_module( input [7:0] in, output [7:0] out ); assign out={in[0],in[1],in[2],in[3],in[4],in[5],in[6],in[7]}; endmodule
18.One common place to see a replication operator is when sign-extending a smaller number to a larger one, while preserving its signed value. This is done by replicating the sign bit (the most significant bit) of the smaller number to the left. For example, sign-extending 4'b0101 (5) to 8 bits results in 8'b00000101 (5), while sign-extending 4'b1101 (-3) to 8 bits results in 8'b11111101 (-3).
Build a circuit that sign-extends an 8-bit number to 32 bits. This requires a concatenation of 24 copies of the sign bit (i.e., replicate bit[7] 24 times) followed by the 8-bit number itself.
module top_module ( input [7:0] in, output [31:0] out ); // Concatenate two things together: // 1: {in[7]} repeated 24 times (24 bits) // 2: in[7:0] (8 bits) assign out = { {24{in[7]}}, in }; endmodule
19.Given five 1-bit signals (a, b, c, d, and e), compute all 25 pairwise one-bit comparisons in the 25-bit output vector. The output should be 1 if the two bits being compared are equal.
out[24] = ~a ^ a; // a == a, so out[24] is always 1.
out[23] = ~a ^ b;
out[22] = ~a ^ c;
...
out[ 1] = ~e ^ d;
out[ 0] = ~e ^ e;
As the diagram shows, this can be done more easily using the replication and concatenation operators.
- The top vector is a concatenation of 5 repeats of each input
- The bottom vector is 5 repeats of a concatenation of the 5 inputs
module top_module ( input a, b, c, d, e, output [24:0] out );// // The output is XNOR of two vectors created by // concatenating and replicating the five inputs. // assign out = ~{ ... } ^ { ... }; assign out[24:20]=~{5{a}}^{a,b,c,d,e}; assign out[19:15]=~{5{b}}^{a,b,c,d,e}; assign out[14:10]=~{5{c}}^{a,b,c,d,e}; assign out[9:5]=~{5{d}}^{a,b,c,d,e}; assign out[4:0]=~{5{e}}^{a,b,c,d,e}; endmodule //anwser: module top_module ( input a, b, c, d, e, output [24:0] out ); wire [24:0] top, bottom; assign top = { {5{a}}, {5{b}}, {5{c}}, {5{d}}, {5{e}} }; assign bottom = {5{a,b,c,d,e}}; assign out = ~top ^ bottom; // Bitwise XNOR // This could be done on one line: // assign out = ~{ {5{a}}, {5{b}}, {5{c}}, {5{d}}, {5{e}} } ^ {5{a,b,c,d,e}}; endmodule
20.In this exercise, create one instance of module mod_a, then connect the module's three pins (in1, in2, and out) to your top-level module's three ports (wires a, b, and out). The module mod_a is provided for you — you must instantiate it.You may connect signals to the module by port name or port position. For extra practice, try both methods.
module top_module ( input a, input b, output out ); // Create an instance of "mod_a" named "inst1", and connect ports by name: mod_a inst1 ( .in1(a), // Port"in1"connects to wire "a" .in2(b), // Port "in2" connects to wire "b" .out(out) // Port "out" connects to wire "out" // (Note: mod_a's port "out" is not related to top_module's wire "out". // It is simply coincidence that they have the same name) ); /* // Create an instance of "mod_a" named "inst2", and connect ports by position: mod_a inst2 ( a, b, out ); // The three wires are connected to ports in1, in2, and out, respectively. */ endmodule
21.This problem is similar to the previous one (module). You are given a module named mod_a that has 2 outputs and 4 inputs, in that order. You must connect the 6 ports by position to your top-level module's ports out1, out2, a, b, c, and d, in that order.
You are given the following module:
module mod_a ( output, output, input, input, input, input );
module top_module ( input a, input b, input c, input d, output out1, output out2 ); mod_a inst1 ( out1, out2, a, b, c, d); endmodule
22.This problem is similar to module. You are given a module named mod_a that has 2 outputs and 4 inputs, in some order. You must connect the 6 ports by name to your top-level module's ports:
You are given the following module:
module mod_a ( output out1, output out2, input in1, input in2, input in3, input in4);
module top_module ( input a, input b, input c, input d, output out1, output out2 ); mod_a inst1 ( .in1(a), .in2(b), .in3(c), .in4(d), .out1(out1), .out2(out2) ); endmodule
23.You are given a module my_dff with two inputs and one output (that implements a D flip-flop). Instantiate three of them, then chain them together to make a shift register of length 3. The clk port needs to be connected to all instances.
The module provided to you is: module my_dff ( input clk, input d, output q );
Note that to make the internal connections, you will need to declare some wires. Be careful about naming your wires and module instances: the names must be unique.
module top_module ( input clk, input d, output q ); wire a, b; // Create two wires. I called them a and b. // Create three instances of my_dff, with three different instance names (d1, d2, and d3). // Connect ports by position: ( input clk, input d, output q) my_dff d1 ( clk, d, a ); my_dff d2 ( clk, a, b ); my_dff d3 ( clk, b, q ); endmodule
24.The module provided to you is: module my_dff8 ( input clk, input [7:0] d, output [7:0] q );
The multiplexer is not provided. One possible way to write one is inside an always block with a case statement inside.
module top_module ( input clk, input [7:0] d, input [1:0] sel, output reg [7:0] q ); wire [7:0] o1, o2, o3; // output of each my_dff8 // Instantiate three my_dff8s my_dff8 d1 ( clk, d, o1 ); my_dff8 d2 ( clk, o1, o2 ); my_dff8 d3 ( clk, o2, o3 ); // This is one way to make a 4-to-1 multiplexer always @(*) // Combinational always block case(sel) 2'h0: q = d; 2'h1: q = o1; 2'h2: q = o2; 2'h3: q = o3; endcase endmodule
25.onnect the modules together as shown in the diagram below. The provided module add16 has the following declaration:
module add16 ( input[15:0] a, input[15:0] b, input cin, output[15:0] sum, output cout );
module top_module( input [31:0] a, input [31:0] b, output [31:0] sum ); wire cin1,cout1,cout2; wire [15:0] sum1,sum2; assign cin1=1'b0; add16 inst1 (a[15:0],b[15:0],cin1,sum1,cout1); add16 inst2 (a[31:16],b[31:16],cout1,sum2,cout2); assign sum={sum2,sum1}; endmodule
//出错记录：忘了加assign。。
26.Connect the add16 modules together as shown in the diagram below. The provided module add16 has the following declaration:
module add16 ( input[15:0] a, input[15:0] b, input cin, output[15:0] sum, output cout );
Within each add16, 16 full adders (module add1, not provided) are instantiated to actually perform the addition. You must write the full adder module that has the following declaration:
module add1 ( input a, input b, input cin, output sum, output cout );
Recall that a full adder computes the sum and carry-out of a+b+cin.
In summary, there are three modules in this design:
-
top_module— Your top-level module that contains two of... -
add16, provided — A 16-bit adder module that is composed of 16 of... -
add1— A 1-bit full adder module.
module top_module ( input [31:0] a, input [31:0] b, output [31:0] sum );// wire [15:0] sum1,sum2; wire out1,out2,in1; assign in1=1'b0; add16 inst1 (a[15:0],b[15:0],in1,sum1,out1); add16 inst2 (a[31:16],b[31:16],out1,sum2,out2); assign sum={sum2,sum1}; endmodule module add1 ( input a, input b, input cin, output sum, output cout ); // Full adder module here assign sum=a^b^cin; assign cout=(a|cin)&(b|cin)&(a|b); endmodule
27.Connect the modules together as shown in the diagram below. The provided module add16 has the following declaration:
module add16 ( input[15:0] a, input[15:0] b, input cin, output[15:0] sum, output cout );
module top_module( input [31:0] a, input [31:0] b, output [31:0] sum); wire in1,in2,in3,o1,o2,o3; wire [15:0] sum1,sum2,sum3; assign in1=1'b0; assign in2=1'b0; assign in3=1'b1; add16 inst1 (a[15:0],b[15:0],in1,sum1,o1); add16 inst2 (a[31:16],b[31:16],in2,sum2,o2); add16 inst3 (a[31:16],b[31:16],in3,sum3,o3); always@(*) case(o1) 1'b0:sum={sum2,sum1}; 1'b1:sum={sum3,sum1}; endcase endmodule
28.Use a 32-bit wide XOR gate to invert the b input whenever sub is 1. (This can also be viewed as b[31:0] XORed with sub replicated 32 times. See replication operator.). Also connect the sub input to the carry-in of the adder.
module top_module( input [31:0] a, input [31:0] b, input sub, output [31:0] sum ); wire cout1,cout2; wire [31:0] bin; wire [15:0] sum1,sum2; assign bin={32{sub}}^b; add16 inst1(a[15:0],bin[15:0],sub,sum1,cout1); add16 inst2(a[31:16],bin[31:16],cout1,sum2,cout2); assign sum={sum2,sum1}; endmodule
29.Build an AND gate using both an assign statement and a combinational always block. (Since assign statements and combinational always blocks function identically, there is no way to enforce that you're using both methods. But you're here for practice, right?...)
// synthesis verilog_input_version verilog_2001 module top_module( input a, input b, output wire out_assign, output reg out_alwaysblock ); assign out_assign = a & b; always @(*) out_alwaysblock = a & b; endmodule
30.Build an XOR gate three ways, using an assign statement, a combinational always block, and a clocked always block. Note that the clocked always block produces a different circuit from the other two: There is a flip-flop so the output is delayed.
// synthesis verilog_input_version verilog_2001 module top_module( input clk, input a, input b, output wire out_assign, output reg out_always_comb, output reg out_always_ff ); assign out_assign=a^b; always@(*) out_always_comb=a^b; always@(posedge clk) out_always_ff<=a^b; endmodule