.NET魔法堂：工程构建基石->MSBuild

一、前言　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

  MSBuild是一个既熟悉又陌生的名字，Visual Studio的项目加载和构建均通过MSBuild来实现。VS中右键打开项目菜单，对应MSBuild的Build目标，对应MSBuild的Rebuild目标，对应MSBuild的Clean目标，对应MSBuild的PublishOnly目标。到这里我想大家都明白MSBuild就和Ant一样就是一个用于项目构建的任务执行引擎，只不过它被融入到VS中，降低了入门难度。但融入VS中只是方便我们使用而已，并不代表不用了解学习，尤其项目规模愈发庞大时，编写结构良好的MSBuild Script来作为项目构建和管理的基石是必不可少。

  本文是近日的学习记录，学习目标是看懂*.csproj项目文件的信息。若有纰漏请大家指正，谢谢。

  附件知识 :

　　*.sln             :  项目、解决方案在磁盘上的引用，VS通过该类文件加载整个项目、解决方案；

　　*.suo           ： 保存VS用户界面的自定义配置（包括布局、断电和项目最后编译后而又没有关闭的文件标签等），下一次打开VS时会恢复这些配置；

　　*.csproj.user： 保存VS的个人配置；

　　*.csproj       ： XML格式，保存项目的依赖项和项目构建步骤、任务等。（需要上传到版本库的）

  注意：以下内容均以.NET Framework 4.0为环境。

  目录一大坨：

  二、MSBuild的组成

  三、从实例学MSBuild Script

　　1. Project元素

　　2. ItemGroup/Item元素

　　3. PropertyGroup/Property元素 

　　4. Task元素

　　5. UsingTask元素 

　　6. Target元素

　　7. Choose元素

　　8. Import元素

 　  9. ProjectExtensions元素

  四、特殊字符

  五、Condition的属性形式

  六、通配符

  七、生成解决方案中的特定目标

  八、小结

  九、参考

  

 

二、MSBuild的组成　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  

  MSBuild由两部分组成：脚本 和 执行引擎。

  脚本：就是带变量、函数、流程控制的可编程语言。MSBuild Script是基于XML schema的，和Ant、Maven等差不多。

  执行引擎：以脚本、变量、环境变量作为输入，对脚本进行解析执行。

 

三、从实例学MSBuild Script　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

  直接到MSDN学习是一个不错的选择，但为了降低学习难度我们以**.csproj项目文件作为切入点。

  在VS2013下新建名为LearnMSBuild的MVC4项目，然后在项目目录下有LearnMSBuild.csproj和LearnMSBuild.csproj.user两个项目文件，而里面就是MSBuild Script了。

  在VS中查看LearnMSBuild.csproj的方法：右键点击项目->卸载项目->右键点击项目->编辑LearnMSBuild.csproj。

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Project ToolsVersion="12.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\$(MSBuildToolsVersion)\Microsoft.Common.props" Condition="Exists('$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\$(MSBuildToolsVersion)\Microsoft.Common.props')" />
  <PropertyGroup>
    <Configuration Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == '' ">Debug</Configuration>
    <Platform Condition=" '$(Platform)' == '' ">AnyCPU</Platform>
    <ProductVersion>
    </ProductVersion>
    <SchemaVersion>2.0</SchemaVersion>
    <ProjectGuid>{13508D65-AC7D-4462-9106-2E8EC81F677D}</ProjectGuid>
    <ProjectTypeGuids>{E3E379DF-F4C6-4180-9B81-6769533ABE47};{349c5851-65df-11da-9384-00065b846f21};{fae04ec0-301f-11d3-bf4b-00c04f79efbc}</ProjectTypeGuids>
    <OutputType>Library</OutputType>
    <AppDesignerFolder>Properties</AppDesignerFolder>
    <RootNamespace>MvcApplication1</RootNamespace>
    <AssemblyName>MvcApplication1</AssemblyName>
    <TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
    <MvcBuildViews>false</MvcBuildViews>
    <UseIISExpress>true</UseIISExpress>
    <IISExpressSSLPort />
    <IISExpressAnonymousAuthentication />
    <IISExpressWindowsAuthentication />
    <IISExpressUseClassicPipelineMode />
  </PropertyGroup>
  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Debug|AnyCPU' ">
    <DebugSymbols>true</DebugSymbols>
    <DebugType>full</DebugType>
    <Optimize>false</Optimize>
    <OutputPath>bin\</OutputPath>
    <DefineConstants>DEBUG;TRACE</DefineConstants>
    <ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
    <WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
  </PropertyGroup>
  <PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Release|AnyCPU' ">
    <DebugType>pdbonly</DebugType>
    <Optimize>true</Optimize>
    <OutputPath>bin\</OutputPath>
    <DefineConstants>TRACE</DefineConstants>
    <ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
    <WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
  </PropertyGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <Reference Include="Microsoft.CSharp" />
    <Reference Include="System" />
    <Reference Include="System.Data" />
    <Reference Include="System.Data.Entity" />
    <Reference Include="System.Drawing" />
    <Reference Include="System.Web.DynamicData" />
    <Reference Include="System.Web.Entity" />
    <Reference Include="System.Web.ApplicationServices" />
    <Reference Include="System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations" />
    <Reference Include="System.Core" />
    <Reference Include="System.Data.DataSetExtensions" />
    <Reference Include="System.Xml.Linq" />
    <Reference Include="System.Web" />
    <Reference Include="System.Web.Extensions" />
    <Reference Include="System.Web.Abstractions" />
    <Reference Include="System.Web.Routing" />
    <Reference Include="System.Xml" />
    <Reference Include="System.Configuration" />
    <Reference Include="System.Web.Services" />
    <Reference Include="System.EnterpriseServices" />
    <Reference Include="EntityFramework">
      <HintPath>..\packages\EntityFramework.5.0.0\lib\net40\EntityFramework.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="Microsoft.Web.Infrastructure, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
      <Private>True</Private>
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.Web.Infrastructure.1.0.0.0\lib\net40\Microsoft.Web.Infrastructure.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="Microsoft.Web.Mvc.FixedDisplayModes, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
      <Private>True</Private>
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.FixedDisplayModes.1.0.0\lib\net40\Microsoft.Web.Mvc.FixedDisplayModes.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="Newtonsoft.Json">
      <HintPath>..\packages\Newtonsoft.Json.4.5.11\lib\net40\Newtonsoft.Json.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="System.Net.Http">
      <Private>True</Private>
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.Net.Http.2.0.30506.0\lib\net40\System.Net.Http.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="System.Net.Http.Formatting, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.Client.4.0.30506.0\lib\net40\System.Net.Http.Formatting.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="System.Net.Http.WebRequest">
      <Private>True</Private>
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.Net.Http.2.0.30506.0\lib\net40\System.Net.Http.WebRequest.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="System.Web.Http, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.Core.4.0.30506.0\lib\net40\System.Web.Http.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="System.Web.Http.WebHost, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.WebHost.4.0.30506.0\lib\net40\System.Web.Http.WebHost.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="System.Web.Mvc, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
      <Private>True</Private>
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.4.0.30506.0\lib\net40\System.Web.Mvc.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="System.Web.Optimization">
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.AspNet.Web.Optimization.1.0.0\lib\net40\System.Web.Optimization.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="System.Web.Providers">
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.AspNet.Providers.Core.1.2\lib\net40\System.Web.Providers.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="System.Web.Razor, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
      <Private>True</Private>
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.AspNet.Razor.2.0.30506.0\lib\net40\System.Web.Razor.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="System.Web.WebPages, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
      <Private>True</Private>
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.AspNet.WebPages.2.0.30506.0\lib\net40\System.Web.WebPages.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="System.Web.WebPages.Deployment, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
      <Private>True</Private>
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.AspNet.WebPages.2.0.30506.0\lib\net40\System.Web.WebPages.Deployment.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="System.Web.WebPages.Razor, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
      <Private>True</Private>
      <HintPath>..\packages\Microsoft.AspNet.WebPages.2.0.30506.0\lib\net40\System.Web.WebPages.Razor.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="WebGrease">
      <Private>True</Private>
      <HintPath>..\packages\WebGrease.1.3.0\lib\WebGrease.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
    <Reference Include="Antlr3.Runtime">
      <Private>True</Private>
      <HintPath>..\packages\WebGrease.1.3.0\lib\Antlr3.Runtime.dll</HintPath>
    </Reference>
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <Compile Include="App_Start\BundleConfig.cs" />
    <Compile Include="App_Start\FilterConfig.cs" />
    <Compile Include="App_Start\RouteConfig.cs" />
    <Compile Include="App_Start\WebApiConfig.cs" />
    <Compile Include="Global.asax.cs">
      <DependentUpon>Global.asax</DependentUpon>
    </Compile>
    <Compile Include="Properties\AssemblyInfo.cs" />
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\images\ui-bg_flat_0_aaaaaa_40x100.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\images\ui-bg_flat_75_ffffff_40x100.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\images\ui-bg_glass_55_fbf9ee_1x400.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\images\ui-bg_glass_65_ffffff_1x400.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\images\ui-bg_glass_75_dadada_1x400.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\images\ui-bg_glass_75_e6e6e6_1x400.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\images\ui-bg_glass_95_fef1ec_1x400.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\images\ui-bg_highlight-soft_75_cccccc_1x100.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\images\ui-icons_222222_256x240.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\images\ui-icons_2e83ff_256x240.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\images\ui-icons_454545_256x240.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\images\ui-icons_888888_256x240.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\images\ui-icons_cd0a0a_256x240.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery-ui.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.accordion.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.all.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.autocomplete.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.base.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.button.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.core.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.datepicker.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.dialog.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.progressbar.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.resizable.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.selectable.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.slider.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.tabs.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\jquery.ui.theme.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\images\ui-bg_flat_0_aaaaaa_40x100.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\images\ui-bg_flat_75_ffffff_40x100.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\images\ui-bg_glass_55_fbf9ee_1x400.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\images\ui-bg_glass_65_ffffff_1x400.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\images\ui-bg_glass_75_dadada_1x400.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\images\ui-bg_glass_75_e6e6e6_1x400.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\images\ui-bg_glass_95_fef1ec_1x400.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\images\ui-bg_highlight-soft_75_cccccc_1x100.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\images\ui-icons_222222_256x240.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\images\ui-icons_2e83ff_256x240.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\images\ui-icons_454545_256x240.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\images\ui-icons_888888_256x240.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\images\ui-icons_cd0a0a_256x240.png" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\jquery-ui.min.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\jquery.ui.accordion.min.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\jquery.ui.autocomplete.min.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\jquery.ui.button.min.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\jquery.ui.core.min.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\jquery.ui.datepicker.min.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\jquery.ui.dialog.min.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\jquery.ui.progressbar.min.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\jquery.ui.resizable.min.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\jquery.ui.selectable.min.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\jquery.ui.slider.min.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\jquery.ui.tabs.min.css" />
    <Content Include="Content\themes\base\minified\jquery.ui.theme.min.css" />
    <Content Include="Global.asax" />
    <Content Include="Content\Site.css" />
    <None Include="Scripts\jquery-1.8.2.intellisense.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\jquery-1.8.2.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\jquery-1.8.2.min.js" />
    <None Include="Scripts\jquery.validate-vsdoc.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\jquery-ui-1.8.24.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\jquery-ui-1.8.24.min.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\jquery.validate.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\jquery.validate.min.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\jquery.validate.unobtrusive.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\jquery.validate.unobtrusive.min.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\knockout-2.2.0.debug.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\knockout-2.2.0.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\modernizr-2.6.2.js" />
    <Content Include="Scripts\_references.js" />
    <Content Include="Web.config" />
    <Content Include="Web.Debug.config">
      <DependentUpon>Web.config</DependentUpon>
    </Content>
    <Content Include="Web.Release.config">
      <DependentUpon>Web.config</DependentUpon>
    </Content>
    <Content Include="Views\Web.config" />
    <Content Include="Views\_ViewStart.cshtml" />
    <Content Include="Views\Shared\Error.cshtml" />
    <Content Include="Views\Shared\_Layout.cshtml" />
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <Folder Include="App_Data\" />
    <Folder Include="Controllers\" />
    <Folder Include="Models\" />
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <Content Include="packages.config" />
  </ItemGroup>
  <PropertyGroup>
    <VisualStudioVersion Condition="'$(VisualStudioVersion)' == ''">10.0</VisualStudioVersion>
    <VSToolsPath Condition="'$(VSToolsPath)' == ''">$(MSBuildExtensionsPath32)\Microsoft\VisualStudio\v$(VisualStudioVersion)</VSToolsPath>
  </PropertyGroup>
  <Import Project="$(MSBuildBinPath)\Microsoft.CSharp.targets" />
  <Import Project="$(VSToolsPath)\WebApplications\Microsoft.WebApplication.targets" Condition="'$(VSToolsPath)' != ''" />
  <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath32)\Microsoft\VisualStudio\v10.0\WebApplications\Microsoft.WebApplication.targets" Condition="false" />
  <Target Name="MvcBuildViews" AfterTargets="AfterBuild" Condition="'$(MvcBuildViews)'=='true'">
    <AspNetCompiler VirtualPath="temp" PhysicalPath="$(WebProjectOutputDir)" />
  </Target>
  <ProjectExtensions>
    <VisualStudio>
      <FlavorProperties GUID="{349c5851-65df-11da-9384-00065b846f21}">
        <WebProjectProperties>
          <UseIIS>True</UseIIS>
          <AutoAssignPort>True</AutoAssignPort>
          <DevelopmentServerPort>40646</DevelopmentServerPort>
          <DevelopmentServerVPath>/</DevelopmentServerVPath>
          <IISUrl>http://localhost:40646/</IISUrl>
          <NTLMAuthentication>False</NTLMAuthentication>
          <UseCustomServer>False</UseCustomServer>
          <CustomServerUrl>
          </CustomServerUrl>
          <SaveServerSettingsInUserFile>False</SaveServerSettingsInUserFile>
        </WebProjectProperties>
      </FlavorProperties>
    </VisualStudio>
  </ProjectExtensions>
  <!-- To modify your build process, add your task inside one of the targets below and uncomment it. 
       Other similar extension points exist, see Microsoft.Common.targets.
  <Target Name="BeforeBuild">
  </Target>
  <Target Name="AfterBuild">
  </Target> -->
  <ItemGroup>
    <F Include="test.txt">
      <OP>tst/</OP>
    </F>
    <F Include="test1.txt">
      <OP>tst/</OP>
    </F>
  </ItemGroup>
  <Target Name="HW" Inputs="@(F)" Outputs="@(F->'%(OP)%(Filename)%(Extension)')">
    <Message Text="%(F.OP)"/>
    <Copy SourceFiles="@(F)" DestinationFolder="%(F.OP)" />
  </Target>
</Project>

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