为什么资料从托管变成非托管
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本文是与Cloudways合作创建的。 感谢您支持使SitePoint成为可能的合作伙伴。 想要与SitePoint合作？ 在此处获取更多信息 。
When it comes to end-to-end services, digital agencies offer an impressive range. From requirement analysis to post-deployment maintenance, these agencies do everything to make sure that their clients are able to fully leverage their projects for maximum business efficiency.
在端到端服务方面，数字代理商提供了令人印象深刻的范围。 从需求分析到部署后维护，这些代理机构会尽一切努力确保其客户能够充分利用其项目，以实现最大的业务效率。
In this backdrop, many agencies (particularly those that deal with web-based projects) also offer hosting as part of their services to their customers. While small and up-and-coming digital agencies might not have hosting on their service brochure, mid-tier and top-shelf agencies see hosting as an integral service offering to their clients.
在这种背景下，许多代理机构(尤其是那些处理基于Web的项目的代理机构)也向他们的客户提供托管服务。 虽然新兴的小型数字代理商可能没有托管服务手册，但中级和顶级的代理商却将托管视为为其客户提供的一项整体服务。
为客户设置托管 (Setting up Hosting for Customers)
For a web-based project, web hosting is an essential component that determines the success (and failure) of the project. Since the agency has developed the project, many clients trust the agency-managed hosting for their project.
对于基于Web的项目， Web托管是确定项目成功(和失败)的重要组件。 由于代理商开发了该项目，因此许多客户信任代理商托管的托管项目。
High-performance applications (online stores and CRM in particular) demand a hosting solution that’s able to keep pace with the high request volume and a large number of concurrent connections. Clients with these projects can’t compromise on the post-deployment performance of the applications. As such, agencies prefer an in-house hosting setup that caters to the specific requirements of the projects.
高性能应用程序(尤其是在线商店和CRM)需要一种托管解决方案，该解决方案能够跟上高请求量和大量并发连接的步伐。 拥有这些项目的客户不能在应用程序的部署后性能上妥协。 因此，代理机构更喜欢内部托管设置来满足项目的特定要求。
代理商受益于内部托管 (Agencies Benefit From In-house Hosting)
Before going into what benefits agencies get from an in-house hosting setup, it’s important to understand the major requirements of high-performance projects. Without going too much into the details, in-house hosting solutions are set up to make sure that custom-built projects continue to perform on the following parameters:
在探讨代理机构从内部托管设置中获得的好处之前，了解高性能项目的主要要求很重要。 在不赘述的情况下，建立内部托管解决方案以确保自定义项目在以下参数上继续执行：
- the number of visitors per hour/day/month 每小时/每天/每月的访问者数量
- the number of simultaneous visitors 并发访客数
- the maximum number of connections allowed 允许的最大连接数
- the number of simultaneous requests/orders 同时请求/订单的数量
- the size and complexity of the products catalog (number of products, product categories, attributes) 产品目录的大小和复杂性(产品数量，产品类别，属性)
- the content requirements and traffic on content assets such as blogs 内容要求和内容资产(例如博客)的流量
- the volume of search queries on the site 网站上的搜索查询量
- the size and connections on the database 数据库的大小和连接
With in-house hosting solutions, agencies (and their clients) get a whole range of benefits such as those outlined below.
借助内部托管解决方案，代理商(及其客户)可以获得一系列好处，如下所述。
Until December 4th, 2019, Cloudways is running a Black Friday offer with 40% off for 3 months on all hosting plans. Use the promo code “BFCM40” while signing up at Cloudways.
直到2019年12月4日， Cloudways都在黑色星期五提供了所有托管计划的三个月优惠40％的折扣。 在Cloudways进行注册时，使用促销代码“ BFCM40”。
定制硬件和软件 (Custom Hardware and Software)
Hardware requirements for custom, high-performance projects generally include three components: CPU, RAM and Disk Space. Since each project has custom requirements that are often not available in off-the-shelf hosting solutions available in the market, agencies opt for setting up in-house hardware platforms for their customers.
定制的高性能项目的硬件要求通常包括三个组件： CPU ， RAM和磁盘空间 。 由于每个项目都有定制需求，而这些需求通常是市场上现有的托管解决方案所不具备的，因此代理商选择为其客户建立内部硬件平台。
Custom hardware setups usually cost more than the conventional, commercially available hosting hardware architecture. The cost of setting up and maintaining the hosting architecture is usually the responsibility of the dev agency, which usually bills the client for these services.
自定义硬件设置的成本通常比常规的商用主机硬件架构高。 建立和维护托管体系结构的成本通常由开发机构负责，开发机构通常会向客户收取这些服务的费用。
Another related (and in my opinion, more important) requirement of these projects is a custom environment that comprises an OS layer and a facilitation layer made of servers and caches. A custom environment allows agencies to build their projects without worrying about conflicts with the OS and server software required to execute the codebase. Thanks to in-house hosting, digital agencies can completely customize the OS and server layer to the project specifications.
这些项目的另一个相关要求(在我看来，是更重要的)是自定义环境，该环境包括OS层和由服务器和缓存组成的简化层。 定制环境使代理机构可以构建项目，而不必担心与执行代码库所需的OS和服务器软件发生冲突。 借助内部托管，数字代理商可以完全根据项目规范自定义操作系统和服务器层。
项目托管的端到端管理 (End-to-End Management of Project Hosting)
Project requirements change and clients often revise their requirements and scope. These changes also impact the hosting requirements and specifications. Since the hosting process is being managed in-house, the agency can take proactive actions to improve hosting setup specifications and ensure continued performance for the application.
项目需求发生变化，客户经常修改其需求和范围。 这些更改还会影响托管要求和规格。 由于托管流程是在内部进行管理的，因此代理机构可以采取积极措施来改善托管设置规范并确保应用程序的持续性能。
被动收入流 (Passive Income Stream)
In almost all cases, agency-managed hosting solutions are built and maintained on the client’s dollars. The agency proposes hosting setup specifications and sets it up once the client pays for it. Once the setup is active, the client pays for the maintenance and upkeep of the hosting solution. This is a passive income channel that is often an important supplement to agency revenues.
在几乎所有情况下，都是由客户来构建和维护由代理商管理的托管解决方案。 该机构提出托管设置规范，并在客户付款后进行设置。 一旦设置生效，客户将支付托管解决方案的维护和保养费用。 这是一个被动的收入渠道，通常是代理收入的重要补充。
挑战机构内托管 (Challenges In-agency Managed Hosting)
Despite the benefits, managing an in-house hosting setup can prove to be a drag on the agency operations. In particular, agency-managed hosting causes the following challenges for the business processes.
尽管有这些好处，但管理内部托管设置可能会拖累代理机构的运营。 特别是，由代理管理的托管对业务流程造成以下挑战。
托管架构需要持续关注 (Hosting Architecture Requires Continuous Attention)
Since this is an in-house managed hosting solution, it’s obvious that the agency is responsible for keeping both the hardware and software layers operational. While the hardware layer (the physical server machines and the networking equipment) have a lower ratio of failure, it’s important to note that the software components of the hosting solution require detailed attention and upkeep.
由于这是一个内部托管的托管解决方案，因此很明显，该机构负责保持硬件和软件层的正常运行。 虽然硬件层(物理服务器计算机和网络设备)的故障率较低，但需要注意的是，托管解决方案的软件组件需要特别注意和维护。
Both hardware and software vendors regularly release patches that fix bugs and enhance product functionality. In many cases, these patches are mission-critical and essential for the continued performance of the project’s hosting. In in-house managed hosting, this is the responsibility of a dedicated team that performs no other function.
硬件和软件供应商都定期发布修补程序，以修复错误并增强产品功能。 在许多情况下，这些修补程序是关键任务，对于项目托管的持续性能至关重要。 在内部托管的托管中，这是不执行其他功能的专门团队的职责。
持续的安全需求 (The Constant Need for Security)
Web servers are the prime target of cybercriminals because of the wealth of information and user data on them. The problem with server security is that it’s a full-time function that requires specialists on the team. The same goes for clients’ applications (CMSs such as WordPress are especially vulnerable) that could potentially open up security loopholes in the server and application security. Not many agencies can afford a dedicated infosec expert on the payroll. Thus, there’s always the danger that clients’ applications can get hacked because the agency-managed hosting is unable to maintain the required security standards.
Web服务器是网络罪犯的主要攻击目标，因为其上包含大量信息和用户数据。 服务器安全性的问题在于，它是一项全职职能，需要团队中的专家。 客户的应用程序( WordPress之类的CMS特别容易受到攻击 )的情况也是如此 ，这可能会打开服务器和应用程序安全性中的安全漏洞。 没有多少机构可以聘请专门的薪资信息安全专家。 因此，由于代理管理的托管无法维持所需的安全标准，总是存在客户端应用程序被黑客入侵的危险。
Sysadmins证明是开销 (Sysadmins Prove to be an Overhead)
Sysadmins are among the highest-paid professions in the ICT industry, and rightly so! They manage entire data centers and handle all aspects of hosting servers from provisioning to maintenance. The problem with sysadmins is the high recruitment and operational costs of these professionals. Thus, hiring a sysadmin to manage in-house hosting is a serious decision that’s out of the budget of many dev agencies.
系统管理员是ICT行业中收入最高的职业之一，这是正确的！ 他们管理整个数据中心，并处理托管服务器的所有方面，从供应到维护。 系统管理员的问题是这些专业人员的高昂招聘和运营成本。 因此，聘请系统管理员来管理内部托管是一个严肃的决定，这超出了许多开发机构的预算。
偏离核心业务 (Deviation from the Core Business)
Digital agencies are in the business of building applications and custom projects that create value for their clients. An in-house hosting solution requires competence that lies outside the normal scope of the dev agencies. In addition, managing hosting solutions require expenses that eat away into profits without generating enough revenue to justify their inclusion in business offerings.
数字代理商从事构建可为客户创造价值的应用程序和定制项目的业务。 内部托管解决方案要求的能力超出了开发机构的正常范围。 另外，管理托管解决方案需要消耗掉利润的费用，而又不会产生足够的收入来证明将其纳入业务产品的合理性。
共享主机是一个错误的开始 (Shared Hosting is a False Start)
The good news is that many agencies are aware of the issues with in-house, agency-managed hosting and have come to realize that this is not the ideal solution for managing clients’ hosting focused expectations.
好消息是，许多代理机构已经意识到内部由代理机构管理的托管服务的问题，并逐渐意识到这不是管理客户对托管托管服务的期望的理想解决方案。
However, since the clients’ requirements continue to grow and the need for hosting solutions for custom-developed apps is on the rise, a number of agencies have turned to shared hosting as an alternative to agency managed in-house hosting solutions.
但是，由于客户的要求持续增长，并且针对定制开发的应用程序的托管解决方案的需求正在上升，因此许多代理商已将共享托管作为代理商托管的内部托管解决方案的替代方案。
When opting for shared hosting solutions, agencies try to reduce the cost of hosting solutions while providing a comparable hosting solution to the clients.
在选择共享托管解决方案时，代理商会尝试降低托管解决方案的成本，同时为客户提供可比的托管解决方案。
Before going into the description of why shared hosting solutions are in fact counterproductive for dev agencies, it’s important to understand how shared hosting solutions work.
在介绍为什么共享托管解决方案实际上会对开发机构产生反作用之前，了解共享托管解决方案的工作原理非常重要。
共享主机托管 (Shared Hosting in a Nutshell)
As the name implies, shared hosting is a solution where several websites/applications are hosted on a single physical server. This means that the physical resources (CPU, RAM, Disk space and bandwidth (in some cases) get shared among the websites hosted on the server.
顾名思义，共享托管是一种解决方案，其中多个网站/应用程序托管在单个物理服务器上。 这意味着在服务器上托管的网站之间共享物理资源(CPU，RAM，磁盘空间和带宽(在某些情况下))。
While this is not a bad solution per se, it’s not the right ft for high-performance applications. These applications have a minimum server resource requirements that often exceed the allocated “quota” allocated by the shared hosting server.
尽管这本身并不是一个糟糕的解决方案，但对于高性能应用程序来说并不是正确的选择。 这些应用程序对服务器的最低资源要求通常超过了共享托管服务器分配的“配额”。
Many digital agencies try to integrate shared hosting solutions in their customer-focused services by eliminating sysadmins from the equation and asking the developers to manage the hosting servers for the clients.
许多数字代理机构试图通过消除等式中的系统管理员并要求开发人员为客户管理托管服务器，将共享的托管解决方案集成到其以客户为中心的服务中。
共享主机导致更多头痛 (Shared Hosting Leads to More Headaches)
While shared hosting solutions appear very attractive on paper (the cost is low, the setup is simple and the hosting provider handles all the hassles of maintenance and security), in practical terms, it doesn’t work as advertised.
尽管共享托管解决方案在纸面上看起来非常有吸引力(成本低，设置简单并且托管服务提供商处理了维护和安全性的所有麻烦)，但实际上，它并没有像宣传的那样起作用。
Each application hosted on a shared server can only function as long as the application resource requirements remain well within the limit. As the demands approach the limit, the performance starts to go down. Soon after that, the hosting layer fails to support the application and the visitors are unable to view the content or interact with the UI.
共享服务器上托管的每个应用程序都只能运行，只要应用程序资源需求保持在限制之内即可。 当需求接近极限时，性能开始下降。 此后不久，托管层无法支持该应用程序，并且访问者无法查看内容或无法与UI交互。
As you can imagine, this is a nightmare scenario for high-traffic applications that handle mission-critical workloads.
您可以想象，对于处理任务关键型工作负载的高流量应用程序来说，这是一场噩梦。
However, for dev agencies, all is not lost!
但是，对于开发机构而言，一切并不会丢失！
托管云托管进行救援 (Managed Cloud Hosting to the Rescue)
Agencies can’t overlook the hosting-related requirements of their clients. However, since the in-house agency managed hosting and shared hosting solutions don’t come up to the mark, managed cloud hosting is a great way an agency can take care of these requirements.
代理商不能忽视其客户与托管相关的要求。 但是，由于内部代理托管托管和共享托管解决方案的重要性不高，托管云托管是代理满足这些要求的好方法。
云托管的运作方式 (How Cloud Hosting Operates)
Cloud hosting is a very powerful hosting solution that offers the best of both shared and dedicated hosting solutions. The resources that your application consumes are dispersed over a network of physical machines. However, for the purpose of hosting the application, the users see a single virtual server, which provides a secure environment that the user can customize and manage for optimal application performance.
云托管是一种非常强大的托管解决方案，可提供共享和专用托管解决方案中的最佳功能。 您的应用程序消耗的资源分散在物理计算机网络上。 但是，出于托管应用程序的目的，用户只能看到一个虚拟服务器，该虚拟服务器提供了一个安全的环境，用户可以对其进行自定义和管理以实现最佳的应用程序性能。
托管云托管的便捷性 (The Ease of Managed Cloud Hosting)
For all the benefits and power of cloud hosting, the day-to-day management of cloud hosting requires time and effort on the part of agency staff. While cloud hosting does solve problems for users, the dev agency continues to dedicate man hours and funds to take care of the application hosting for their clients.
对于云托管的所有好处和功能，云托管的日常管理需要代理商人员的时间和精力。 尽管云托管确实可以为用户解决问题，但开发机构仍在继续投入工时和资金来为客户托管应用托管。
This is where managed cloud hosting really outshines all other solutions.
这是托管云托管真正超越所有其他解决方案的地方。
A managed cloud hosting provider adds its own layer on top of the server provided by the cloud IaaS provider. This layer takes care of most of the server management tasks through platform automation. As a result, the digital agency only has to provide server and application details and the managed hosting provider takes care of server provisioning, application setup, and ongoing server maintenance tasks.
托管的云托管提供商将其自己的层添加到由云IaaS提供商提供的服务器之上。 该层通过平台自动化处理大多数服务器管理任务。 因此，数字代理只需提供服务器和应用程序详细信息，托管托管服务提供商将负责服务器配置，应用程序设置和正在进行的服务器维护任务。
It’s easy to see how much value (in terms of time saved and level of services available to the clients) managed cloud hosting adds for dev agencies. In particular, managed cloud hosting impacts the following operations and requirements of the dev agencies.
很容易看出托管云托管为开发机构带来了多少价值(就节省的时间和为客户提供的服务水平而言)。 特别是，托管云托管会影响开发机构的以下运营和要求。
服务器和应用程序性能 (Server and Application Performance)
The managed cloud hosting provider assumes all responsibility for server performance. In many cases, they are also responsible for application performance parameters that are directly affected by the underlying server layer.
托管云托管提供商对服务器性能承担全部责任。 在许多情况下，它们还负责直接受底层服务器层影响的应用程序性能参数。
In a traditional managed cloud hosting setup, the application is hosted on a combination of optimized servers and integrated cache options that come together to speed up the user experience on the application.
在传统的托管云托管设置中，该应用程序托管在优化服务器和集成缓存选项的组合上，以加快应用程序上的用户体验。
安全性和更新 (Security and Updates)
Server security is the main responsibility of the managed cloud hosting provider that deploys security measures at various platform levels. In all cases, the platform is protected by IDS and firewalls that filter out malicious traffic before it can damage the applications and servers.
服务器安全是托管云托管提供商的主要职责，后者在各个平台级别部署安全措施。 在所有情况下，该平台都受到IDS和防火墙的保护，这些防火墙会在恶意流量损坏应用程序和服务器之前将其过滤掉。
Patching is another aspect that strengthens the security of the managed cloud hosting solution. Vendors regularly release patches that fix known bugs and extend the functionality of the software/hardware modules. The management teams at the provider apply the patches as soon as they’re released by the vendor.
修补是增强托管云托管解决方案安全性的另一方面。 供应商会定期发布补丁，以修复已知的错误并扩展软件/硬件模块的功能。 供应商的管理团队会在供应商发布补丁后立即应用补丁。
Finally, server backup is the only way of recovering from many disasters. Managed cloud hosting providers allow for both on-demand (manual) and automated backup processes that take a snapshot (or “copy”) of the server data and store it at a separate secure location.
最后，服务器备份是从许多灾难中恢复的唯一方法。 托管云托管提供商允许按需(手动)备份和自动备份过程，对服务器数据进行快照(或“复制”)并将其存储在单独的安全位置。
以开发为重点的功能 (Dev-focused Features)
Several managed cloud hosting solutions focus on simplifying the workflows of the dev agencies. As such, they provide several features and tools that ensure the dev agencies can partner with these providers to offer a dependable hosting solution for client applications.
几种托管的云托管解决方案专注于简化开发机构的工作流程。 因此，它们提供了多种功能和工具，可确保开发机构可以与这些提供商合作，为客户端应用程序提供可靠的托管解决方案。
Cloudways简介 (Introducing Cloudways)
When agencies decide to replace their in-house managed hosting with managed cloud hosting solutions, they run into an interesting problem: selecting the provider that provides the best fit for their requirements.
当代理商决定用托管云托管解决方案代替其内部托管托管时，就会遇到一个有趣的问题：选择最能满足其要求的提供商。
Cloudways is an important player in the managed cloud hosting industry that helps make the choice easier for the agencies. With the core business proposition of taking over the server and hosting hassles, Cloudways seamlessly replaces the in-house, agency-managed hosting solution without disrupting operations for clients’ projects and websites.
Cloudways是托管云托管行业中的重要参与者，它有助于使代理机构的选择更加轻松。 凭借接管服务器和托管麻烦的核心业务主张，Cloudways无缝替换了内部的，由代理管理的托管解决方案，而不会中断客户项目和网站的运营。
Without going into too much detail, let’s look at the major operational areas where Cloudways adds value for agencies and ensures a smooth experience for both the agencies and their clients.
在不赘述的前提下，让我们看一下Cloudways为代理商增加价值并确保代理商及其客户的顺畅体验的主要运营领域。
性能 (Performance)
Website performance is the core attribute of all Cloudways services. As such, all Cloudways managed servers come preinstalled with optimized cache components (choices include Varnish, Memcached and Redis) that speed up server and application performance. Essentially, everything is already in place when the server goes live. The user just has to enable (or if they wish, disable) the cache component by toggling the switch in the Cloudways Panel.
网站性能是所有Cloudways服务的核心属性。 因此，所有Cloudways受管服务器都预安装了优化的缓存组件(选择包括Varnish，Memcached和Redis)，可以提高服务器和应用程序的性能。 从本质上讲，服务器上线时一切都已经就绪。 用户只需要通过在Cloudways面板中切换开关来启用(或希望禁用)缓存组件。
安全 (Security)
Instead of being an afterthought, security is built right into the foundation of the Cloudways platform. The platform is protected by firewalls that constantly filter out suspicious traffic before it can do any harm. All accounts are similarly protected by 2FA processes that add an additional layer of security. All unrecognized devices that attempt to access users’ accounts are blocked and logged.
安全性不是事后才想到的，而是直接建立在Cloudways平台的基础中。 该平台受到防火墙的保护，可以在不造成任何危害之前不断过滤掉可疑流量。 类似地，所有帐户均受2FA流程保护，该流程增加了额外的安全性。 所有试图访问用户帐户的无法识别的设备都将被阻止并记录下来。
No software is 100% secure, and developers regularly release patches to fix known security loopholes. After extensive testing of the performance of the patch on the Cloudways platform, the patches are applied to the stack.
没有软件是100％安全的，开发人员会定期发布补丁来修复已知的安全漏洞。 在Cloudways平台上对修补程序的性能进行了广泛的测试之后，这些修补程序将应用于堆栈。
团队管理 (Team Management)
Digital agencies have a distributed team that provides development and marketing activities for clients. As such, they require a varying level of access to the servers hosting the clients’ applications.
数字代理商拥有一个分散的团队，可以为客户提供开发和营销活动。 因此，它们需要对托管客户端应用程序的服务器的访问级别有所不同。
Cloudways allows agencies to maintain this team architecture without compromising on performance and operational capabilities. Each employee can be added as a team member that can be assigned individual server access rights. In addition, once the project has been handed over to the client, the agency can also transfer the ownership (and the billing) of the server to the client. This simplifies the client invoicing, as Cloudways generates a single invoice for both the IaaS server and the Cloudways server management services.
Cloudways使代理机构可以维持这种团队架构，而不会影响性能和运营能力。 可以将每个员工添加为团队成员，并可以为其分配单独的服务器访问权限。 此外，将项目移交给客户后，代理机构还可以将服务器的所有权(和账单)转移给客户。 由于Cloudways为IaaS服务器和Cloudways服务器管理服务生成单个发票，因此这简化了客户发票。
以开发人员为中心的功能 (Developer Focused Features)
Cloudways is built to simplify the developer workflows. The process starts with the platform that offers the latest PHP 7 ready servers. This means the agencies can develop applications for their clients and can host them on Cloudways managed PHP hosting servers with absolute confidence. Another great outcome of this stack is that Cloudways can support almost every PHP-powered application, thereby greatly increasing the horizons of the agencies.
Cloudways旨在简化开发人员的工作流程。 该过程从提供最新PHP 7就绪服务器的平台开始。 这意味着代理机构可以为其客户开发应用程序，并且可以绝对放心地将它们托管在Cloudways管理的PHP托管服务器上。 该堆栈的另一个重要成果是，Cloudways可以支持几乎所有基于PHP的应用程序，从而大大增加了代理机构的视野。
Another example of Cloudways dev friendliness is the native integration of Git. with this, the developers can directly push and pull code from their GitHub repositories without leaving the platform. This allows developers to leverage and integrate the huge volume of libraries and tools available on GitHub.
Cloudways开发人员友好的另一个示例是Git的本机集成。 这样，开发人员可以直接从其GitHub存储库中推送和提取代码，而无需离开平台。 这使开发人员可以利用和集成GitHub上可用的大量库和工具。
结语 (Wrapping Up)
On the surface, the in-house, agency-managed hosting might appear to work well for agencies that develop, deploy and handle applications and projects for their clients. However, once they dive deeper, the issues and challenges far outweigh the benefits. As such, managed cloud hosting offers a great win-win solution that takes away all the hassles that agencies face while managing servers for their clients.
从表面上看，内部的，由代理机构管理的托管服务似乎对为客户开发，部署和处理应用程序和项目的代理机构非常有效。 但是，一旦他们深入研究，问题和挑战就远远超过了收益。 因此，托管云托管提供了一个伟大的双赢解决方案，消除了代理商在为客户管理服务器时面临的所有麻烦。
If you’re an agency and are interested in trying out a managed cloud hosting solution for your clients, Cloudways is a great place to start.
如果您是一家代理商，并且有兴趣为您的客户试用托管云托管解决方案，那么Cloudways是一个不错的起点。
Until December 4th, 2019, Cloudways is running a Black Friday offer with 40% off for 3 months on all hosting plans. Use the promo code “BFCM40” while signing up at Cloudways.
直到2019年12月4日， Cloudways都在黑色星期五提供了所有托管计划的3个月优惠40％的折扣。 在Cloudways上注册时，使用促销代码“ BFCM40”。
为什么资料从托管变成非托管