列出来自 Python 的带有部分字符串的文件名

Question

我正在尝试列出目录中包含我指定为其名称一部分的字符串的所有文件。我想随着循环的每次迭代改变这个字符串。我使用的代码是：

from subprocess import Popen
from subprocess import call

species_array = ["homo_sapiens", "pan_troglodytes", "pongo_abelii", "gorilla_gorilla", "macaca_mulatta", "callithrix_jacchus", "bos_taurus", "canis_familiaris", "equus_caballus", "felis_catus", "ovis_aries", "sus_scrofa", "oryctolagus_cuniculus", "rattus_norvegicus", "mus_caroli", "mus_pahari", "mus_musculus"]
run_length = (len(species_array) - 5)
path = "/homes/varshith/maf_files/1/testmafs/HAL_Files/"
for i in range (run_length):
    s = Popen("find", path, "-name", *species_array[i+1]*)
    print s.communicate()[0]

该文件应包含species_array[i+1] 作为其名称的一部分。提前致谢。

Answer 1

如果要使用find，则需要在shell=False 时传递args 的list。 check_output 将适用于您的情况，您可以对列表进行切片而不是使用范围，并且您需要 str.format 将每个物种/ele 包装在 * 中：

from subprocess import check_output

species_array = ["homo_sapiens", "pan_troglodytes", "pongo_abelii", "gorilla_gorilla", "macaca_mulatta", "callithrix_jacchus", "bos_taurus", "canis_familiaris", "equus_caballus", "felis_catus", "ovis_aries", "sus_scrofa", "oryctolagus_cuniculus", "rattus_norvegicus", "mus_caroli", "mus_pahari", "mus_musculus"]
path = "/homes/varshith/maf_files/1/testmafs/HAL_Files/"
for ele in species_array[1:-5]:
    s = check_output(["find", path, "-name", "*{0}*".format(ele)])
    print s

对于 python 2.6 使用 Popen：

from subprocess Popen,PIPE

species_array = ["homo_sapiens", "pan_troglodytes", "pongo_abelii", "gorilla_gorilla", "macaca_mulatta", "callithrix_jacchus", "bos_taurus", "canis_familiaris", "equus_caballus", "felis_catus", "ovis_aries", "sus_scrofa", "oryctolagus_cuniculus", "rattus_norvegicus", "mus_caroli", "mus_pahari", "mus_musculus"]
path = "/homes/varshith/maf_files/1/testmafs/HAL_Files/"
for ele in species_array[1:-5]:
    s = Popen(["find", path, "-name", "*{0}*".format(ele)],stdout=PIPE,stderr=PIPE)
    out,err = s.communicate()
    print(out,err)

Answer 2

你的循环全错了。 python 比这更有表现力：

1) 您可以通过从 1 开始的范围来跳过第一个元素：

for i in range(1, len(species_arr) - 4):

...然后在循环中使用i 而不是i+1。

2) 更简单（也更惯用）的是使用列表切片：

for species in species_arr[1:-4]:

3) 您可以使用 format() 方法在 python 中格式化字符串。

以下是使用这些概念的示例：

species_arr = [
    "homo_sapiens", 
    "pan_troglodytes", 
    "pongo_abelii", 
    "gorilla_gorilla", 
    "macaca_mulatta", 
    "callithrix_jacchus", 
    "bos_taurus", 
    "canis_familiaris", 
    "equus_caballus", 
    "felis_catus", 
    "ovis_aries", 
    "sus_scrofa", 
    "oryctolagus_cuniculus", 
    "rattus_norvegicus", 
    "mus_caroli", 
    "mus_pahari", 
    "mus_musculus"
]

chop_from_end = 4 

for species in species_arr[1:-chop_from_end]:
    fname = "*{0}*".format(species)
    print fname

--output:--
*pan_troglodytes*
*pongo_abelii*
*gorilla_gorilla*
*macaca_mulatta*
*callithrix_jacchus*
*bos_taurus*
*canis_familiaris*
*equus_caballus*
*felis_catus*
*ovis_aries*
*sus_scrofa*
*oryctolagus_cuniculus*

format() 方法是在 python 3.0 中引入的——但它被向后移植到 python 2.6（以更有限的形式）。如果由于某种原因您的安装没有 format() 方法，您可以使用旧方法：

 fname = "*%s*" % species

在此处查看其他 format() 示例：

https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#format-examples

4) 以下是您可以使用glob module 执行的操作：

import glob
import os.path
import pprint

base_dir = '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1'

names = ['a', 'b', 'c']

for name in names: 
    fname = "*{0}*".format(name)
    path = os.path.join(base_dir, fname)
    pprint.pprint(glob.glob(path))
    print '-' * 20

--output:--
['/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/__pycache__',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/a.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/aa.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ab.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ba.txt']
--------------------
['/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ab.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/b.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ba.txt']
--------------------
['/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/__pycache__']
--------------------

或者，作为name, matches 对的字典：

results = dict(
    (
      name,
      glob.iglob(os.path.join(base_dir, "*{0}*".format(name)))
    )
    for name in names
)

for name, _iter in results.items():
    print "{0}:".format(name)
    pprint.pprint(list(_iter))

--output:--
a:
['/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/__pycache__',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/a.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/aa.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ab.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ba.txt']
c:
['/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/__pycache__']
b:
['/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ab.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/b.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ba.txt']