如何理解 icc 编译器优化报告中的加速？

Question

环境是：
icc 版本 19.0.0.117（gcc 版本 5.4.0 兼容性）
英特尔并行工作室 XE 集群版 2019
Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4790 CPU @ 3.60GHz
Ubuntu 16.04

编译器标志是：
-std=gnu11 -Wall -xHost -xCORE-AVX2 -O2 -fma -qopenmp -qopenmp-simd -qopt-report=5 -qopt-report-phase=all

我使用 OpenMP simd 或 intel parama 对我的循环进行矢量化以获得加速。在icc生成的优化报告中，我通常会看到如下结果：

LOOP BEGIN at get_forces.c(3668,3)
   remark #15389: vectorization support: reference mon->fricforce[n1][d] has unaligned access   [ get_forces.c(3669,4) ]
   remark #15389: vectorization support: reference mon->vel[n1][d] has unaligned access   [ get_forces.c(3669,36) ]
   remark #15389: vectorization support: reference vel[n1][d] has unaligned access   [ get_forces.c(3669,51) ]
   remark #15389: vectorization support: reference mon->drag[n1][d] has unaligned access   [ get_forces.c(3671,4) ]
   remark #15389: vectorization support: reference mon->vel[n1][d] has unaligned access   [ get_forces.c(3671,40) ]
   remark #15389: vectorization support: reference vel[n1][d] has unaligned access   [ get_forces.c(3671,57) ]
   remark #15381: vectorization support: unaligned access used inside loop body
   remark #15305: vectorization support: vector length 2
   remark #15309: vectorization support: normalized vectorization overhead 0.773
   remark #15300: LOOP WAS VECTORIZED
   remark #15450: unmasked unaligned unit stride loads: 3 
   remark #15451: unmasked unaligned unit stride stores: 2 
   remark #15475: --- begin vector cost summary ---
   remark #15476: scalar cost: 21 
   remark #15477: vector cost: 11.000 
   remark #15478: estimated potential speedup: 1.050 
   remark #15488: --- end vector cost summary ---
   remark #25456: Number of Array Refs Scalar Replaced In Loop: 1
   remark #25015: Estimate of max trip count of loop=1
LOOP END

我的问题是： 我不明白加速是如何计算的

normalized vectorization overhead 0.773
scalar cost: 21 
vector cost: 11.000 

另一个更极端和令人困惑的案例可能是

LOOP BEGIN at get_forces.c(2690,8)
<Distributed chunk3>
   remark #15388: vectorization support: reference q12[j] has aligned access   [ get_forces.c(2694,19) ]
   remark #15388: vectorization support: reference q12[j] has aligned access   [ get_forces.c(2694,26) ]
   remark #15335: loop was not vectorized: vectorization possible but seems inefficient. Use vector always directive or -vec-threshold0 to override 
   remark #15305: vectorization support: vector length 2
   remark #15309: vectorization support: normalized vectorization overhead 1.857
   remark #15448: unmasked aligned unit stride loads: 1 
   remark #15475: --- begin vector cost summary ---
   remark #15476: scalar cost: 7 
   remark #15477: vector cost: 3.500 
   remark #15478: estimated potential speedup: 0.770 
   remark #15488: --- end vector cost summary ---
   remark #25436: completely unrolled by 3  
LOOP END

现在，3.5+1.857=5.357 所以，我仍然可以模拟这个循环并获得加速，或者我应该在报告中采用加速数 0.770 而不是模拟它？

如何理解icc编译器优化报告的加速？

Answer 1

“标量成本”是指“标量循环一次迭代的成本”。

“向量成本”是指“向量化循环的一次迭代的成本除以 vector_length*unroll_factor”，即多少相当于一次标量迭代的成本。

“向量化开销”显示循环之前/之后向量初始化/最终化的归一化（按向量迭代成本）成本。

“估计的潜在加速”是针对整个循环执行计算的。它显示了向量化循环执行的归一化（按标量迭代成本）潜在增益——包括估计循环行程计数的剥离、余数和主循环。它不能从上面显示的标量和向量成本中显式推导出来。