许多快速排序算法(例如合并排序和快速排序)can be implemented efficiently on linked lists 通过使用您可以有效地将单链表视为堆栈(通过将元素添加到前面)或队列(通过将元素添加到背部)。因此,解决此问题的一种可能方法是采用其中一种排序算法,并将其视为对链表进行排序,而不是对正常序列进行排序。
例如,这是一种使用队列实现归并排序的简单方法。我已经写了这个来排序Integers,但这可以很容易地扩展到处理其他类型:
public void mergesort(Queue<Integer> sequence) {
/* Base case: Any 0- or 1-element sequence is trivially sorted. */
if (sequence.size() <= 1) return;
/* Otherwise, split the sequence in half. */
Queue<Integer> left = new LinkedList<Integer>(),
right = new LinkedList<Integer>();
while (!sequence.isEmpty()) {
left.add(sequence.remove());
if (!sequence.isEmpty()) {
right.add(sequence.remove());
}
}
/* Recursively sort both halves. */
mergesort(left);
mergesort(right);
/* Merge them back together. */
merge(left, right, sequence);
}
private void merge(Queue<Integer> one, Queue<Integer> two,
Queue<Integer> result) {
/* Keep choosing the smaller element. */
while (!one.isEmpty() && !two.isEmpty()) {
if (one.peek() < two.peek()) {
result.add(one.remove());
} else {
result.add(two.remove());
}
}
/* Add all elements from the second queue to the result. */
while (!one.isEmpty()) {
result.add(one.remove());
}
while (!two.isEmpty()) {
result.add(two.remove());
}
}
总的来说,这将在 O(n log n) 时间内运行,这是渐近最优的。
或者,您可以使用快速排序,如下所示:
public void quicksort(Queue<Integer> sequence) {
/* Base case: Any 0- or 1-element sequence is trivially sorted. */
if (sequence.size() <= 1) return;
/* Choose the first element as the pivot (causes O(n^2) worst-case behavior,
* but for now should work out fine. Then, split the list into three groups,
* one of elements smaller than the pivot, one of elements equal to the
* pivot, and one of elements greater than the pivot.
*/
Queue<Integer> pivot = new LinkedList<Integer>(),
less = new LinkedList<Integer>(),
more = new LinkedList<Integer>();
/* Place the pivot into its list. */
pivot.add(sequence.remove());
/* Distribute elements into the queues. */
while (!sequence.isEmpty()) {
Integer elem = sequence.remove();
if (elem < pivot.peek()) less.add(elem);
else if (elem > pivot.peek()) more.add(elem);
else pivot.add(elem);
}
/* Sort the less and greater groups. */
quicksort(less);
quicksort(more);
/* Combine everything back together by writing out the smaller
* elements, then the equal elements, then the greater elements.
*/
while (!less.isEmpty()) result.add(less.remove());
while (!pivot.isEmpty()) result.add(pivot.remove());
while (!more.isEmpty()) result.add(more.remove());
}
这在最佳情况 O(n log n) 时间和最坏情况 O(n2) 时间内运行。对于一个有趣的练习,尝试让它随机选择枢轴以获得预期的 O(n log n) 运行时间。 :-)
对于完全不同的方法,您可以考虑对值进行最低有效位基数排序,因为您知道它们都是整数:
public void radixSort(Queue<Integer> sequence) {
/* Make queues for values with a 0 in the current position and values with a
* 1 in the current position. It's an optimization to put these out here;
* they honestly could be declared inside the loop below.
*/
Queue<Integer> zero = new LinkedList<Integer>(),
one = new LinkedList<Integer>();
/* We're going to need 32 rounds of this, since there are 32 bits in each
* integer.
*/
for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
/* Distribute all elements from the input queue into the zero and one
* queue based on their bits.
*/
while (!sequence.isEmpty()) {
Integer curr = sequence.remove();
/* Determine whether the current bit of the number is 0 or 1 and
* place the element into the appropriate queue.
*/
if ((curr >>> i) % 2 == 0) {
zero.add(curr);
} else {
one.add(curr);
}
}
/* Combine the elements from the queues back together. As a quick
* note - if this is the 31st bit, we want to put back the 1 elements
* BEFORE the 0 elements, since the sign bit is reversed.
*/
if (i == 31) {
Queue<Integer> temp = zero;
zero = one;
one = temp;
}
while (!zero.isEmpty()) result.add(zero.remove());
while (!one.isEmpty()) result.add(one.remove());
}
}
这将在 O(n log U) 时间内运行,其中 U 是可以存储在 int 中的最大可能值。
当然,所有这些算法都是高效而优雅的。不过,有时您会想要像bogosort 这样缓慢而不优雅的排序。现在,bogosort 实现起来有些困难,因为它通常需要你打乱输入序列,这在数组上更容易做到。但是,我们可以模拟洗牌队列如下:
- 在队列中选择一个随机索引。
- 循环浏览这么多元素。
- 从队列中移除该元素并将其添加到结果中。
- 重复。
这最终会花费时间 O(n2) 而不是 O(n),这具有使 bogosort 花费预期时间 O(n2) 的不幸副作用> &mdot; n!) 而不是 O(n &mdot; n!)。然而,这是我们必须付出的代价。
public void bogosort(Queue<Integer> sequence, Random r) {
while (!isSorted(sequence)) {
permute(sequence, r);
}
}
/* Checking if a sequence is sorted is tricky because we have to destructively modify
* the queue. Our process will be to cycle the elements of the sequence making sure
* that each element is greater than or equal to the previous element.
*
* Because we are using bogosort, it's totally fine for us to destructively modify
* the queue as long as all elements that were in the original input queue end up
* in the resulting queue. We'll do this by cycling forward through the elements
* and stopping if we find something mismatched.
*/
private void isSorted(Queue<Integer> sequence) {
int last = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
for (int i = 0; i < sequence.size(); i++) {
int curr = sequence.remove();
sequence.add(curr);
if (curr < last) return false;
}
return true;
}
/* Randomly permutes the elements of the given queue. */
private void permute(Queue<Integer> sequence, Random r) {
/* Buffer queue to hold the result. */
Queue<Integer> result = new LinkedList<Integer>();
/* Continuously pick a random element and add it. */
while (!sequence.isEmpty()) {
/* Choose a random index and cycle forward that many times. */
int index = r.nextInt(sequence.size());
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
sequence.add(sequence.remove());
}
/* Add the front element to the result. */
result.add(sequence.remove());
}
/* Transfer the permutation back into the sequence. */
while (!result.isEmpty()) sequence.add(result.remove());
}
希望这会有所帮助!