尽管人们已经对为什么拆箱比装箱更快提供了奇妙的解释。我想多说一点你用来测试性能差异的方法。
您是否从您发布的代码中获得了结果(速度差异 10 倍)?如果我在发布模式下运行该程序,输出如下:
Program started
Boxing time : 0.2741
UnBoxing time : 4.5847
Program ended
每当我进行微观性能基准测试时,我倾向于进一步验证我确实在比较我打算比较的操作。编译器可以对您的代码进行优化。在 ILDASM 中打开可执行文件:
这是拆箱的 IL:(我只包括了最重要的部分)
IL_0000: newobj instance void [System]System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch::.ctor()
IL_0005: stloc.0
IL_0006: ldloc.0
IL_0007: callvirt instance void [System]System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch::Start()
IL_000c: ldc.i4.0
IL_000d: stloc.1
IL_000e: br.s IL_0025
IL_0010: ldc.i4.s 33
IL_0012: stloc.2
IL_0013: ldloc.2
IL_0014: box [mscorlib]System.Int32 //Here is the boxing
IL_0019: stloc.3
IL_001a: ldloc.3
IL_001b: unbox.any [mscorlib]System.Int32 //Here is the unboxing
IL_0020: pop
IL_0021: ldloc.1
IL_0022: ldc.i4.1
IL_0023: add
IL_0024: stloc.1
IL_0025: ldloc.1
IL_0026: ldc.i4 0xf4240
IL_002b: blt.s IL_0010
IL_002d: ldloc.0
IL_002e: callvirt instance void [System]System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch::Stop()
这是拳击的代码:
IL_0000: newobj instance void [System]System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch::.ctor()
IL_0005: stloc.0
IL_0006: ldloc.0
IL_0007: callvirt instance void [System]System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch::Start()
IL_000c: ldc.i4.0
IL_000d: stloc.1
IL_000e: br.s IL_0017
IL_0010: ldc.i4.s 33
IL_0012: stloc.2
IL_0013: ldloc.1
IL_0014: ldc.i4.1
IL_0015: add
IL_0016: stloc.1
IL_0017: ldloc.1
IL_0018: ldc.i4 0xf4240
IL_001d: blt.s IL_0010
IL_001f: ldloc.0
IL_0020: callvirt instance void [System]System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch::Stop()
拳击方法中根本没有拳击指导。它已被编译器完全删除。 Boxing 方法除了迭代一个空循环之外什么都不做。因此,在拆箱中测量的时间成为装箱和拆箱的总时间。
微基准测试很容易受到编译器技巧的影响。我建议你也看看你的 IL。如果您使用不同的编译器,可能会有所不同。
我稍微修改了你的测试代码:
装箱方法:
private static object Boxing()
{
Stopwatch s = new Stopwatch();
int unboxed = 33;
object boxed = null;
s.Start();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
{
boxed = unboxed;
}
s.Stop();
var elapsed = s.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
Console.WriteLine("Boxing time : " + elapsed);
return boxed;
}
及拆箱方法:
private static int Unboxing()
{
Stopwatch s = new Stopwatch();
object boxed = 33;
int unboxed = 0;
s.Start();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
{
unboxed = (int)boxed;
}
s.Stop();
var time = s.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
Console.WriteLine("UnBoxing time : " + time);
return unboxed;
}
这样他们就可以翻译成类似的IL:
对于装箱方法:
IL_000c: callvirt instance void [System]System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch::Start()
IL_0011: ldc.i4.0
IL_0012: stloc.3
IL_0013: br.s IL_0020
IL_0015: ldloc.1
IL_0016: box [mscorlib]System.Int32 //Here is the boxing
IL_001b: stloc.2
IL_001c: ldloc.3
IL_001d: ldc.i4.1
IL_001e: add
IL_001f: stloc.3
IL_0020: ldloc.3
IL_0021: ldc.i4 0xf4240
IL_0026: blt.s IL_0015
IL_0028: ldloc.0
IL_0029: callvirt instance void [System]System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch::Stop()
拆箱:
IL_0011: callvirt instance void [System]System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch::Start()
IL_0016: ldc.i4.0
IL_0017: stloc.3
IL_0018: br.s IL_0025
IL_001a: ldloc.1
IL_001b: unbox.any [mscorlib]System.Int32 //Here is the UnBoxng
IL_0020: stloc.2
IL_0021: ldloc.3
IL_0022: ldc.i4.1
IL_0023: add
IL_0024: stloc.3
IL_0025: ldloc.3
IL_0026: ldc.i4 0xf4240
IL_002b: blt.s IL_001a
IL_002d: ldloc.0
IL_002e: callvirt instance void [System]System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch::Stop()
运行几个循环来消除冷启动效果:
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Program started");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
Boxing();
Unboxing();
}
Console.WriteLine("Program ended");
Console.Read();
}
这是输出:
Program started
Boxing time : 3.4814
UnBoxing time : 0.1712
Boxing time : 2.6294
...
Boxing time : 2.4842
UnBoxing time : 0.1712
Program ended
这是否证明拆箱比装箱快 10 倍?让我们用windbg检查一下汇编代码:
0:004> !u 000007fe93b83940
Normal JIT generated code
MicroBenchmarks.Program.Boxing()
...
000007fe`93ca01b3 call System_ni+0x2905e0 (000007fe`f07a05e0) (System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp(), mdToken: 00000000060040d2)
...
//This is the for loop
000007fe`93ca01c2 mov eax,21h
000007fe`93ca01c7 mov dword ptr [rsp+20h],eax
000007fe`93ca01cb lea rdx,[rsp+20h]
000007fe`93ca01d0 lea rcx,[mscorlib_ni+0x6e92b0 (000007fe`f18b92b0)]
//here is the boxing
000007fe`93ca01d7 call clr!JIT_BoxFastMP_InlineGetThread (000007fe`f33126d0)
000007fe`93ca01dc mov rsi,rax
//loop unrolling. instead of increment i by 1, we are actually incrementing i by 4
000007fe`93ca01df add edi,4
000007fe`93ca01e2 cmp edi,0F4240h // 0F4240h = 1000000
000007fe`93ca01e8 jl 000007fe`93ca01c2 // jumps to the line "mov eax,21h"
//end of the for loop
000007fe`93ca01ea mov rcx,rbx
000007fe`93ca01ed call System_ni+0x2acb70 (000007fe`f07bcb70) (System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Stop(), mdToken: 00000000060040cb)
拆箱组件:
0:004> !u 000007fe93b83930
Normal JIT generated code
MicroBenchmarks.Program.Unboxing()
Begin 000007fe93ca02c0, size 117
000007fe`93ca02c0 push rbx
...
000007fe`93ca030a call System_ni+0x2905e0 (000007fe`f07a05e0) (System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.GetTimestamp(), mdToken: 00000000060040d2)
000007fe`93ca030f mov qword ptr [rbx+10h],rax
000007fe`93ca0313 mov byte ptr [rbx+18h],1
000007fe`93ca0317 xor eax,eax
000007fe`93ca0319 mov edi,dword ptr [rdi+8]
000007fe`93ca031c nop dword ptr [rax]
//This is the for loop
//again, loop unrolling
000007fe`93ca0320 add eax,4
000007fe`93ca0323 cmp eax,0F4240h // 0F4240h = 1000000
000007fe`93ca0328 jl 000007fe`93ca0320 //jumps to "add eax,4"
//end of the for loop
000007fe`93ca032a mov rcx,rbx
000007fe`93ca032d call System_ni+0x2acb70 (000007fe`f07bcb70) (System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.Stop(), mdToken: 00000000060040cb)
您可以看到,即使在 IL 级别比较似乎是合理的,JIT 仍然可以在运行时执行另一个优化。 UnBoxing 方法再次执行空循环。除非您验证为这两种方法执行的代码具有可比性,否则很难简单地得出“拆箱比装箱快 10 倍”的结论