朴素版
据我了解您的问题:您有一个输入图像,您转换其像素位置,并希望将结果放入可以容纳它的更大数组中。以下是我的做法:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # for plotting the result
from scipy.misc import face # for dummy data
img = face() # dummy RGB data
# transform pixels by 45 degrees
i,j = np.mgrid[:img.shape[0], :img.shape[1]] # 2d arrays each
T = np.array([[1, -1],[1, 1]])/np.sqrt(2)
inew,jnew = T @ [i.ravel(), j.ravel()] # 1d arrays each
# new coordinates now range into negatives, shift back into positives
# and the non-integer pixel indices will be normalized with floor
inew = np.floor(inew - inew.min()).astype(int)
jnew = np.floor(jnew - jnew.min()).astype(int)
# now the new coordinates are all non-negative, this defines the size of the output
out = np.zeros((inew.max() + 1, jnew.max() + 1, 3), dtype=img.dtype)
# fill the necessary indices of out with pixels from img
# reshape the indices to 2d for matching broadcast
inew = inew.reshape(img.shape[:-1])
jnew = jnew.reshape(img.shape[:-1])
out[inew, jnew, :] = img
# OR, alternative with 1d index arrays:
#out[inew, jnew, :] = img.reshape(-1, 3)
# check what we've done
plt.imshow(out)
plt.show()
代码的要点是将旋转的像素坐标移回正数(这对应于您的[i+a, j+b] 移位),分配一个新的零数组以适应所有新索引,并且索引仅适用于右侧!这与您的代码不匹配,但我相信这是您真正想要做的:对于原始(未索引)图像中的每个像素,我们将其 RGB 值设置在 new 位置结果数组。
如您所见,图像中有很多黑色像素,这是因为非整数转换后的坐标是用floor 四舍五入的。这不好,所以如果我们追求这条路径,我们应该执行 2d 插值以消除这些伪影。请注意,这需要相当多的内存和 CPU 时间:
import numpy as np
import scipy.interpolate as interp
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # for plotting the result
from scipy.misc import face # for dummy data
img = face() # dummy RGB data
# transform pixels by 45 degrees
i,j = np.mgrid[:img.shape[0], :img.shape[1]] # 2d arrays each
T = np.array([[1, -1],[1, 1]])/np.sqrt(2)
inew,jnew = T @ [i.ravel(), j.ravel()] # 1d arrays each
# new coordinates now range into negatives, shift back into positives
# keep them non-integer for interpolation later
inew -= inew.min()
jnew -= jnew.min()
# (inew, jnew, img) contain the data from which the output should be interpolated
# now the new coordinates are all non-negative, this defines the size of the output
out = np.zeros((int(round(inew.max())) + 1, int(round(jnew.max())) + 1, 3), dtype=img.dtype)
i_interp,j_interp = np.mgrid[:out.shape[0], :out.shape[1]]
# interpolate for each channel
for channel in range(3):
out[..., channel] = interp.griddata(np.array([inew.ravel(), jnew.ravel()]).T, img[..., channel].ravel(), (i_interp, j_interp), fill_value=0)
# check what we've done
plt.imshow(out)
plt.show()
至少结果看起来好多了:
scipy.ndimage: map_coordinates
直接按照您的想法的方法可以利用scipy.ndimage.map_coordinates 使用逆 变换执行插值。这应该比之前使用griddata 的尝试具有更好的性能,因为map_coordinates 可以利用输入数据在网格上定义的事实。事实证明,它确实使用更少的内存和更少的 CPU:
import numpy as np
import scipy.ndimage as ndi
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # for plotting the result
from scipy.misc import face # for dummy data
img = face() # dummy RGB data
n,m = img.shape[:-1]
# transform pixels by 45 degrees
T = np.array([[1, -1],[1, 1]])/np.sqrt(2)
# find out the extent of the transformed pixels from the four corners
inew_tmp,jnew_tmp = T @ [[0, 0, n-1, n-1], [0, m-1, 0, m-1]] # 1d arrays each
imin,imax,jmin,jmax = inew_tmp.min(),inew_tmp.max(),jnew_tmp.min(),jnew_tmp.max()
imin,imax,jmin,jmax = (int(round(val)) for val in (imin,imax,jmin,jmax))
# so the pixels of the original map inside [imin, imax] x [jmin, jmax]
# we need an image of size (imax - imin + 1, jmax - jmin + 1) to house this
out = np.zeros((imax - imin + 1, jmax - jmin + 1, 3), dtype=img.dtype)
# indices have to be shifted by [imin, imax]
# compute the corresponding (non-integer) coordinates on the domain for interpolation
inew,jnew = np.mgrid[:out.shape[0], :out.shape[1]]
i_back,j_back = np.linalg.inv(T) @ [inew.ravel() + imin, jnew.ravel() + jmin]
# perform 2d interpolation for each colour channel separately
for channel in range(3):
out[inew, jnew, channel] = ndi.map_coordinates(img[..., channel], [i_back, j_back]).reshape(inew.shape)
# check what we've done
plt.imshow(out)
plt.show()
结果还是不错的:
scipy.ndimage: 几何变换
最后,我意识到我们可以再上一层,直接使用scipy.ndimage.geometric_transform。对于旋转的浣熊案例,这似乎比使用map_coordinates 的手动版本要慢,但会导致代码更简洁:
import numpy as np
import scipy.ndimage as ndi
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # for plotting the result
from scipy.misc import face # for dummy data
img = face() # dummy RGB data
n,m = img.shape[:-1]
# transform pixels by 45 degrees
T = np.array([[1, -1],[1, 1]])/np.sqrt(2)
Tinv = np.linalg.inv(T)
# find out the extent of the transformed pixels from the four corners
inew_tmp,jnew_tmp = T @ [[0, 0, n-1, n-1], [0, m-1, 0, m-1]] # 1d arrays each
imin,imax,jmin,jmax = inew_tmp.min(),inew_tmp.max(),jnew_tmp.min(),jnew_tmp.max()
imin,imax,jmin,jmax = (int(round(val)) for val in (imin,imax,jmin,jmax))
# so the pixels of the original map inside [imin, imax] x [jmin, jmax]
# we need an image of size (imax - imin + 1, jmax - jmin + 1) to house this
def transform_func(output_coords):
"""Inverse transform output coordinates back into input coordinates"""
inew,jnew,channel = output_coords
i,j = Tinv @ [inew + imin, jnew + jmin]
return i,j,channel
out = ndi.geometric_transform(img, transform_func, output_shape = (imax - imin + 1, jmax - jmin + 1, 3))
# check what we've done
plt.imshow(out)
plt.show()
结果:
最终修复:仅 numpy
我主要关心图像质量,因此上述所有解决方案都以一种或另一种方式使用插值。正如您在 cmets 中解释的那样,这不是您最关心的问题。如果是这种情况,我们可以使用map_coordinates 修改版本并自己计算近似(舍入整数)索引并执行矢量化赋值:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # for plotting the result
from scipy.misc import face # for dummy data
img = face() # dummy RGB data
n,m = img.shape[:-1]
# transform pixels by 45 degrees
T = np.array([[1, -1],[1, 1]])/np.sqrt(2)
# find out the extent of the transformed pixels from the four corners
inew_tmp,jnew_tmp = T @ [[0, 0, n-1, n-1], [0, m-1, 0, m-1]] # 1d arrays each
imin,imax,jmin,jmax = inew_tmp.min(),inew_tmp.max(),jnew_tmp.min(),jnew_tmp.max()
imin,imax,jmin,jmax = (int(round(val)) for val in (imin,imax,jmin,jmax))
# so the pixels of the original map inside [imin, imax] x [jmin, jmax]
# we need an image of size (imax - imin + 1, jmax - jmin + 1) to house this
out = np.zeros((imax - imin + 1, jmax - jmin + 1, 3), dtype=img.dtype)
# compute the corresponding coordinates on the domain for matching
inew,jnew = np.mgrid[:out.shape[0], :out.shape[1]]
inew = inew.ravel() # 1d array, indices of output array
jnew = jnew.ravel() # 1d array, indices of output array
i_back,j_back = np.linalg.inv(T) @ [inew + imin, jnew + jmin]
# create a mask to grab only those rounded (i_back,j_back) indices which make sense
i_back = i_back.round().astype(int)
j_back = j_back.round().astype(int)
inds = (0 <= i_back) & (i_back < n) & (0 <= j_back) & (j_back < m)
# (i_back[inds], j_back[inds]) maps to (inew[inds], jnew[inds])
# the rest stays black
out[inew[inds], jnew[inds], :] = img[i_back[inds], j_back[inds], :]
# check what we've done
plt.imshow(out)
plt.show()
结果虽然充满了单像素的不准确,但看起来已经足够好了: