为什么virtualenv上的`pip install`会引发“无法执行'--user'安装”？答案

【问题标题】：Why does `pip install` on the virtualenv raise "Can not perform a '--user' install"?为什么virtualenv上的`pip install`会引发“无法执行'--user'安装”？
【发布时间】：2021-08-16 02:35:19
【问题描述】：

注意：这里的用户名是airflow 以下所有命令：

e.g. airflow@my-worker-0:~$ which python

我在我的 Debian GNU/Linux 10 机器（Airflow 服务器）上（全局）安装了 Python3.8：

$ which python
>> /usr/local/bin/python

$ python --version
>> Python 3.8.10

$ which pip
>> /usr/local/bin/pip

以下是关于pip的配置：

$ pip config list
:env:.user='true'

$ pip config list -v
Skipping file '/etc/xdg/pip/pip.conf' (variant: global)
Skipping file '/etc/pip.conf' (variant: global)
For variant 'user', will try loading '/home/airflow/.pip/pip.conf'
For variant 'user', will try loading '/home/airflow/.config/pip/pip.conf'
Skipping file '/usr/local/pip.conf' (variant: site)
:env:.user='true'

奇怪的是上面所有的conf文件都不存在：

$ cat /home/airflow/.config/pip/pip.conf
>> bash: /home/airflow/.config/pip/pip.conf: No such file or directory
$ cat /etc/xdg/pip/pip.conf
>> cat: /etc/xdg/pip/pip.conf: No such file or directory
$ cat /etc/pip.conf
>> cat: /etc/pip.conf: No such file or directory
$ cat /home/airflow/.pip/pip.conf
>> cat: /home/airflow/.pip/pip.conf: No such file or directory
$ cat /home/airflow/.config/pip/pip.conf
>> cat: /home/airflow/.config/pip/pip.conf: No such file or directory
$ cat /usr/local/pip.conf
>> cat: /usr/local/pip.conf: No such file or directory

我创建了virtualenv并尝试安装python包，但出现错误：

$ virtualenv /tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow --python=python3.8
>> created virtual environment CPython3.8.10.final.0-64 in 243ms
  creator CPython3Posix(dest=/tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow, clear=False, no_vcs_ignore=False, global=False)
  seeder FromAppData(download=False, pip=bundle, setuptools=bundle, wheel=bundle, via=copy, app_data_dir=/home/airflow/.local/share/virtualenv)
    added seed packages: pip==21.1.3, setuptools==57.4.0, wheel==0.36.2
  activators BashActivator,CShellActivator,FishActivator,PowerShellActivator,PythonActivator,XonshActivator

$ ls -alh /tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow/
>> total 12K
drwxr-xr-x 4 airflow airflow   64 Aug 16 01:49 .
drwxrwxrwt 1 root    root    4.0K Aug 16 02:24 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 airflow airflow   40 Aug 16 01:03 .gitignore
drwxr-xr-x 2 airflow airflow  285 Aug 16 01:03 bin
drwxr-xr-x 3 airflow airflow   23 Aug 16 01:03 lib
-rw-r--r-- 1 airflow airflow  225 Aug 16 01:03 pyvenv.cfg

$ ls -alh /tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow/bin
>> total 56K
drwxr-xr-x 2 airflow airflow  285 Aug 16 01:03 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 airflow airflow   64 Aug 16 01:49 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 airflow airflow 2.1K Aug 16 01:03 activate
-rw-r--r-- 1 airflow airflow 1.5K Aug 16 01:03 activate.csh
-rw-r--r-- 1 airflow airflow 3.0K Aug 16 01:03 activate.fish
-rw-r--r-- 1 airflow airflow 1.8K Aug 16 01:03 activate.ps1
-rw-r--r-- 1 airflow airflow 1.2K Aug 16 01:03 activate.xsh
-rw-r--r-- 1 airflow airflow 1.2K Aug 16 01:03 activate_this.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 airflow airflow  245 Aug 16 01:03 pip
-rwxr-xr-x 1 airflow airflow  245 Aug 16 01:03 pip-3.8
-rwxr-xr-x 1 airflow airflow  245 Aug 16 01:03 pip3
-rwxr-xr-x 1 airflow airflow  245 Aug 16 01:03 pip3.8
lrwxrwxrwx 1 airflow airflow   21 Aug 16 01:03 python -> /usr/local/bin/python
lrwxrwxrwx 1 airflow airflow    6 Aug 16 01:03 python3 -> python
lrwxrwxrwx 1 airflow airflow    6 Aug 16 01:03 python3.8 -> python
-rwxr-xr-x 1 airflow airflow  232 Aug 16 01:03 wheel
-rwxr-xr-x 1 airflow airflow  232 Aug 16 01:03 wheel-3.8
-rwxr-xr-x 1 airflow airflow  232 Aug 16 01:03 wheel3
-rwxr-xr-x 1 airflow airflow  232 Aug 16 01:03 wheel3.8

$ /tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow/bin/pip install requests
>> ERROR: Can not perform a '--user' install. User site-packages are not visible in this virtualenv.
WARNING: You are using pip version 21.1.3; however, version 21.2.4 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the '/tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow/bin/python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

我也在这个 virtualenv 的 pip 上运行 pip config 命令：

$ /tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow/bin/pip config list
>> :env:.user='true'

$ /tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow/bin/pip config list -v
>> Skipping file '/etc/xdg/pip/pip.conf' (variant: global)
Skipping file '/etc/pip.conf' (variant: global)
For variant 'user', will try loading '/home/airflow/.pip/pip.conf'
For variant 'user', will try loading '/home/airflow/.config/pip/pip.conf'
Skipping file '/tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow/pip.conf' (variant: site)
:env:.user='true'

我想知道为什么 virtualenv 的 pip 安装包使用--user 选项以及如何防止这种情况。

我尝试过的：

$ /tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow/bin/pip config get :env:.user
true

$ /tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow/bin/pip config set ':env:.user' false
Writing to /home/airflow/.config/pip/pip.conf

$ cat /home/airflow/.config/pip/pip.conf
[:env:]
user = false

$ ./pip install requests
ERROR: Can not perform a '--user' install. User site-packages are not visible in this virtualenv.
WARNING: You are using pip version 21.1.3; however, version 21.2.4 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the '/tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow/bin/python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

【问题讨论】：

是否存在权限问题？你试过以sudo 运行吗？
@ObsidianAge 不幸的是，我没有运行 sudo 命令的权限
这听起来像是问题所在。如果您不是 sudoer，您将无法在 /tmp 中运行。尝试将其交换到您的主目录。
那是什么：:env:.user='true' ???
你能试试echo $PIP_USER和set | grep -Fi user吗？？？

标签： python pip virtualenv

【解决方案1】：

首先，在安装包之前激活环境（env）

virtualenv mypython #name virtual env
source /root/mypython/bin/activate #path of environments

不要使用/tmp/的目录，你可以为特别的环境创建自己的目录。

最好使用pip install requests 而不是./pip install requests 并检查您的权限是airflow 还是root 或其他用户

【讨论】：

恐怕不行。它引发了同样的错误（source /tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow/bin/activate & pip install requests）
不要使用/tmp/目录，最好自己创建环境目录

【解决方案2】：

这个：

$ /tmp/apache-beam-venv-wow/bin/pip config list
>> :env:.user='true'

表示您在环境中设置了PIP_USER=1（可能是由于.bashrc 或/etc/environment 文件？）

取消设置它应该停止在你的安装命令上强制--user（环境变量覆盖 pip 的配置文件）

unset PIP_USER

【讨论】：