documentation page you linked to 的意思是 new 关键字只存在于 inner 构造函数中(相对于 outer 构造函数)。
所以要么你选择一个外部构造函数,在这种情况下你想使用默认构造函数来实际创建你的新实例:
using Statistics
# First the type declaration, which comes with a default constructor
struct NormalDistribution{P}
mu::Float64
sigma::Float64
pdf::P
end
# Another outer constructor
function NormalDistribution(x::Array)
μ = mean(x)
σ = std(x)
pdf(xt::Array) = [(i-μ) / σ for i in xt]
# This is a call to the constructor that was created for you by default
return NormalDistribution(μ, σ, pdf)
end
julia> x = [5, 10, 15, 20]
4-element Array{Int64,1}:
5
10
15
20
julia> dist = NormalDistribution(x)
NormalDistribution{var"#pdf#2"{Float64,Float64}}(12.5, 6.454972243679028, var"#pdf#2"{Float64,Float64}(12.5, 6.454972243679028))
julia> dist.pdf([1, 2, 3])
3-element Array{Float64,1}:
-1.781572339255412
-1.626653005407115
-1.4717336715588185
注意,原文章中pdf的定义显然是有问题的(如果只是因为没有定义μ和σ)。我试图修改它以使其有意义
一个可能的问题是任何人都可以定义一个状态不一致的NormalDistribution 实例:
julia> NormalDistribution(0., 1., x->x+1)
NormalDistribution{var"#11#12"}(0.0, 1.0, var"#11#12"())
这就是您可能想要实际定义内部构造函数的原因,在这种情况下,Julia 不会为您提供默认构造函数,但您可以访问该特殊的 new 函数,该函数会创建您正在定义的类型的对象:
# A type declaration with an inner constructor
struct NormalDistribution2{P}
mu::Float64
sigma::Float64
pdf::P
# The inner constructor is defined inside the type declaration block
function NormalDistribution2(x::Array)
μ = mean(x)
σ = std(x)
pdf(xt::Array) = [(i-μ) / σ for i in xt]
# Use the `new` function to actually create the object
return new{typeof(pdf)}(μ, σ, pdf)
end
end
它的行为方式与带有外部构造函数的结构完全相同,只是这次不再提供默认构造函数:
julia> dist2 = NormalDistribution2(x)
NormalDistribution2{var"#pdf#5"{Float64,Float64}}(12.5, 6.454972243679028, var"#pdf#5"{Float64,Float64}(12.5, 6.454972243679028))
julia> dist2.pdf([1, 2, 3])
3-element Array{Float64,1}:
-1.781572339255412
-1.626653005407115
-1.4717336715588185
# No default constructor provided
julia> NormalDistribution2(0., 1., x->x+1)
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching NormalDistribution2(::Float64, ::Float64, ::var"#9#10")
Stacktrace:
[1] top-level scope at REPL[13]:1