【发布时间】：2012-12-22 00:37:48
【问题描述】：
我正在尝试学习神经网络，并编写了一个简单的反向传播神经网络，该网络使用 sigmoid 激活函数、随机权重初始化和学习/梯度动量。
当配置有 2 个输入、2 个隐藏节点和 1 个时，它无法学习 XOR 和 AND。但是，它会正确学习 OR。
我看不到我做错了什么，因此我们将不胜感激。
谢谢
编辑：如上所述，我使用 2 个隐藏节点进行了测试，但下面的代码显示配置为 3。在使用 3 个隐藏节点运行测试后，我只是忘记将其改回 2。 p>
network.rb:
module Neural
class Network
attr_accessor :num_inputs, :num_hidden_nodes, :num_output_nodes, :input_weights, :hidden_weights, :hidden_nodes,
:output_nodes, :inputs, :output_error_gradients, :hidden_error_gradients,
:previous_input_weight_deltas, :previous_hidden_weight_deltas
def initialize(config)
initialize_input(config)
initialize_nodes(config)
initialize_weights
end
def initialize_input(config)
self.num_inputs = config[:inputs]
self.inputs = Array.new(num_inputs+1)
self.inputs[-1] = -1
end
def initialize_nodes(config)
self.num_hidden_nodes = config[:hidden_nodes]
self.num_output_nodes = config[:output_nodes]
# treat threshold as an additional input/hidden node with no incoming inputs and a value of -1
self.output_nodes = Array.new(num_output_nodes)
self.hidden_nodes = Array.new(num_hidden_nodes+1)
self.hidden_nodes[-1] = -1
end
def initialize_weights
# treat threshold as an additional input/hidden node with no incoming inputs and a value of -1
self.input_weights = Array.new(hidden_nodes.size){Array.new(num_inputs+1)}
self.hidden_weights = Array.new(output_nodes.size){Array.new(num_hidden_nodes+1)}
set_random_weights(input_weights)
set_random_weights(hidden_weights)
self.previous_input_weight_deltas = Array.new(hidden_nodes.size){Array.new(num_inputs+1){0}}
self.previous_hidden_weight_deltas = Array.new(output_nodes.size){Array.new(num_hidden_nodes+1){0}}
end
def set_random_weights(weights)
(0...weights.size).each do |i|
(0...weights[i].size).each do |j|
weights[i][j] = (rand(100) - 49).to_f / 100
end
end
end
def calculate_node_values(inputs)
inputs.each_index do |i|
self.inputs[i] = inputs[i]
end
set_node_values(self.inputs, input_weights, hidden_nodes)
set_node_values(hidden_nodes, hidden_weights, output_nodes)
end
def set_node_values(values, weights, nodes)
(0...weights.size).each do |i|
nodes[i] = Network::sigmoid(values.zip(weights[i]).map{|v,w| v*w}.inject(:+))
end
end
def predict(inputs)
calculate_node_values(inputs)
output_nodes.size == 1 ? output_nodes[0] : output_nodes
end
def train(inputs, desired_results, learning_rate, momentum_rate)
calculate_node_values(inputs)
backpropogate_weights(desired_results, learning_rate, momentum_rate)
end
def backpropogate_weights(desired_results, learning_rate, momentum_rate)
output_error_gradients = calculate_output_error_gradients(desired_results)
hidden_error_gradients = calculate_hidden_error_gradients(output_error_gradients)
update_all_weights(inputs, desired_results, hidden_error_gradients, output_error_gradients, learning_rate, momentum_rate)
end
def self.sigmoid(x)
1.0 / (1 + Math::E**-x)
end
def self.dsigmoid(x)
sigmoid(x) * (1 - sigmoid(x))
end
def calculate_output_error_gradients(desired_results)
desired_results.zip(output_nodes).map{|desired, result| (desired - result) * Network::dsigmoid(result)}
end
def reversed_hidden_weights
# array[hidden node][weights to output nodes]
reversed = Array.new(hidden_nodes.size){Array.new(output_nodes.size)}
hidden_weights.each_index do |i|
hidden_weights[i].each_index do |j|
reversed[j][i] = hidden_weights[i][j];
end
end
reversed
end
def calculate_hidden_error_gradients(output_error_gradients)
reversed = reversed_hidden_weights
hidden_nodes.each_with_index.map do |node, i|
Network::dsigmoid(hidden_nodes[i]) * output_error_gradients.zip(reversed[i]).map{|error, weight| error*weight}.inject(:+)
end
end
def update_all_weights(inputs, desired_results, hidden_error_gradients, output_error_gradients, learning_rate, momentum_rate)
update_weights(hidden_nodes, inputs, input_weights, hidden_error_gradients, learning_rate, previous_input_weight_deltas, momentum_rate)
update_weights(output_nodes, hidden_nodes, hidden_weights, output_error_gradients, learning_rate, previous_hidden_weight_deltas, momentum_rate)
end
def update_weights(nodes, values, weights, gradients, learning_rate, previous_deltas, momentum_rate)
weights.each_index do |i|
weights[i].each_index do |j|
delta = learning_rate * gradients[i] * values[j]
weights[i][j] += delta + momentum_rate * previous_deltas[i][j]
previous_deltas[i][j] = delta
end
end
end
end
end
test.rb:
#!/usr/bin/ruby
load "network.rb"
learning_rate = 0.3
momentum_rate = 0.2
nn = Neural::Network.new(:inputs => 2, :hidden_nodes => 3, :output_nodes => 1)
10000.times do |i|
# XOR - doesn't work
nn.train([0, 0], [0], learning_rate, momentum_rate)
nn.train([1, 0], [1], learning_rate, momentum_rate)
nn.train([0, 1], [1], learning_rate, momentum_rate)
nn.train([1, 1], [0], learning_rate, momentum_rate)
# AND - very rarely works
# nn.train([0, 0], [0], learning_rate, momentum_rate)
# nn.train([1, 0], [0], learning_rate, momentum_rate)
# nn.train([0, 1], [0], learning_rate, momentum_rate)
# nn.train([1, 1], [1], learning_rate, momentum_rate)
# OR - works
# nn.train([0, 0], [0], learning_rate, momentum_rate)
# nn.train([1, 0], [1], learning_rate, momentum_rate)
# nn.train([0, 1], [1], learning_rate, momentum_rate)
# nn.train([1, 1], [1], learning_rate, momentum_rate)
end
puts "--- TESTING ---"
puts "[0, 0]"
puts "result "+nn.predict([0, 0]).to_s
puts
puts "[1, 0]"
puts "result "+nn.predict([1, 0]).to_s
puts
puts "[0, 1]"
puts "result "+nn.predict([0, 1]).to_s
puts
puts "[1, 1]"
puts "result "+nn.predict([1, 1]).to_s
puts
【问题讨论】：
-
我会通过设置一个完整的测试用例来开始调试，其中包括两个示例的初始权重和导数/错误，然后进入代码。
-
你真的应该把它减少到解释问题的最少位代码。您在这里拥有的几乎是一个完整的应用程序。
-
您的程序看起来可能正在做一些有趣的事情。但是每种语言都有自己的约定，而 Ruby 的部分强大之处在于它的简洁性。您可以将此问题提交给 codereview.stackexchange.com。
-
对 SO 上类似帖子的评论要求查看 OP 的代码，因此我决定发布我的整个应用程序。但是，我同意，这很长，坦率地说，我对这些数字或回复感到惊讶。在发布之前，我浏览了一个测试用例并验证了计算值与反向传播的每一步的预期值相匹配。我将尝试使用其他测试用例并阅读更多关于 BP 的内容，看看我是否误解了算法。
标签： ruby machine-learning neural-network