显示不同对象的数组c#（类继承）答案

【问题标题】：display array of different objects c# (class inheritance)显示不同对象的数组c#（类继承）
【发布时间】：2017-10-25 09:26:59
【问题描述】：

我的代码有问题。我是继承的新手（到目前为止只有 1 节课），希望能在这里得到任何帮助。我已经遇到了这个问题，并且认为我已经完成了。创建一个 Book 类，添加两个子类。全部显示。加上其他东西，但这是核心问题。

当我尝试在 for 循环中显示每个对象及其信息时，我无法弄清楚如何访问教科书的 BookGrade。我制作了一系列书籍并将所有内容都放在那里。我知道这是不对的，但我不知道从哪里开始。我试过制作这样的教科书数组

TextBook[] bookArray = new TextBook[3] { Book1, TBook1, CBook1};

然后我需要向 Book1 添加一个演员表，这有效，但我仍然无法将类型“CoffeeTableBook”隐式转换为“TextBook”。我明白了，但不知道如何解决它。我收到此错误“'Book' 不包含 'BookGrade' 的定义..”

我有 3 个课程，Book、TextBook 和 CoffeeTableBook。 TextBook 和 CoffeeTableBook 类都派生自 Book 类。

提前感谢任何花时间帮助我的人。

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace BookDemo
{
class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        //Book
        Book Book1 = new Book();
        Book1.BookNum = 123456;
        Book1.BookTitle = "Harry Potter 1";
        Book1.BookAuthor = "JK Rowling";
        Book1.BookPrice = 5.95;

        //Text Book
        TextBook TBook1 = new TextBook();
        TBook1.BookNum = 123436;
        TBook1.BookTitle = "Harry Potter 2";
        TBook1.BookAuthor = "JK Rowling";
        TBook1.BookPrice = 5.95;
        TBook1.BookGrade = "A";


        //Coffee Table Book
        CoffeeTableBook CBook1 = new CoffeeTableBook();
        CBook1.BookNum = 123136;
        CBook1.BookTitle = "Harry Potter 7";
        CBook1.BookAuthor = "JK Rowling";
        CBook1.BookPrice = 95.95;

        Book[] bookArray = new Book[3] { Book1, TBook1, CBook1 };


        for (int i = 0; i < bookArray.Length; i++)
        {
            if (bookArray[i].GetType() == typeof(TextBook))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2} {3} {4}", bookArray[i].BookNum, bookArray[i].BookTitle, bookArray[i].BookAuthor, bookArray[i].BookPrice, bookArray[i].BookGrade);//'Book' does not contain a defination for 'BookGrade'..
            }
            else
            {
                Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2} {3} {4}", bookArray[i].BookNum, bookArray[i].BookTitle, bookArray[i].BookAuthor, bookArray[i].BookPrice, "N/A");
            }
        }
    }

}

}

class Book
{
public int BookNum { get; set; }
public string BookTitle { get; set; }
public string BookAuthor { get; set; }
public double BookPrice { get; set; }

}

class TextBook : Book // must be priced between $20.00 and $80.00
{
const double MIN_PRICE = 20;
const double MAX_PRICE = 80;
public string BookGrade { get; set; }

new public double BookPrice
{
    set
    {
        if (value < MIN_PRICE)
        {
            base.BookPrice = MIN_PRICE;
        }
        else if (value > MAX_PRICE)
        {
            base.BookPrice = MAX_PRICE;
        }
        else
        {
            base.BookPrice = value;
        }
    }
    get
    {
        return base.BookPrice;
    }
}
}

class CoffeeTableBook : Book //must be priced between $35.00 and $100.00
{
const double MIN_PRICE = 35;
const double MAX_PRICE = 100;
new public double BookPrice
{
    set
    {
        if (value < MIN_PRICE)
        {
            base.BookPrice = MIN_PRICE;
        }
        else if (value > MAX_PRICE)
        {
            base.BookPrice = MAX_PRICE;
        }
        else
        {
            base.BookPrice = value;
        }
    }
    get
    {
        return base.BookPrice;
    }
}
}

【问题讨论】：

标签： c# class object inheritance

【解决方案1】：

您可以重写 'toString()' 方法来设置显示对象的确切方式

class Program
{
    class Book
    {
        public int BookNum { get; set; }
        public string BookTitle { get; set; }
        public string BookAuthor { get; set; }
        public double BookPrice { get; set; }

        public override string ToString() //!
        {
            return string.Format("{0} {1} {2} {3}", this.BookNum, this.BookTitle, this.BookAuthor, this.BookPrice);
        }
    }

    class TextBook : Book // must be priced between $20.00 and $80.00
    {
        const double MIN_PRICE = 20;
        const double MAX_PRICE = 80;
        public string BookGrade { get; set; }

        new public double BookPrice
        {
            set
            {
                if (value < MIN_PRICE)
                {
                    base.BookPrice = MIN_PRICE;
                }
                else if (value > MAX_PRICE)
                {
                    base.BookPrice = MAX_PRICE;
                }
                else
                {
                    base.BookPrice = value;
                }
            }
            get { return base.BookPrice; }
        }

        public override string ToString() //!
        {
            return base.ToString() + " " + this.BookGrade;
        }
    }

    class CoffeeTableBook : Book //must be priced between $35.00 and $100.00
    {
        const double MIN_PRICE = 35;
        const double MAX_PRICE = 100;

        new public double BookPrice
        {
            set
            {
                if (value < MIN_PRICE)
                {
                    base.BookPrice = MIN_PRICE;
                }
                else if (value > MAX_PRICE)
                {
                    base.BookPrice = MAX_PRICE;
                }
                else
                {
                    base.BookPrice = value;
                }
            }
            get { return base.BookPrice; }
        }
    }

    private static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        //Book
        var book1 = new Book
        {
            BookNum = 123456,
            BookTitle = "Harry Potter 1",
            BookAuthor = "JK Rowling",
            BookPrice = 5.95
        };

        //Text Book
        var TBook1 = new TextBook
        {
            BookNum = 123436,
            BookTitle = "Harry Potter 2",
            BookAuthor = "JK Rowling",
            BookPrice = 5.95,
            BookGrade = "A"
        };


        //Coffee Table Book
        var CBook1 = new CoffeeTableBook
        {
            BookNum = 123136,
            BookTitle = "Harry Potter 7",
            BookAuthor = "JK Rowling",
            BookPrice = 95.95
        };

        var bookArray = new Book[] {book1, TBook1, CBook1};


        foreach (Book t in bookArray)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(t); //! i.e Console.WriteLine(t.ToString());
        }

    }

【讨论】：

【解决方案2】：

您需要在 if (bookArray[i].GetType() == typeof(TextBook))-Branch 中转换为特定类型的教科书

例如：

if (bookArray[i].GetType() == typeof(TextBook))
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2} {3} {4}", bookArray[i].BookNum, bookArray[i].BookTitle, bookArray[i].BookAuthor, bookArray[i].BookPrice, ((TextBook)bookArray[i]).BookGrade); // Works now, because we view bookArray[i] as TextBook and not it's underlaying type
}
else
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2} {3} {4}", bookArray[i].BookNum, bookArray[i].BookTitle, bookArray[i].BookAuthor, bookArray[i].BookPrice, "N/A");
}

我通常建议使用here 描述的新 Switch-Capabilities（模式），但我不想干扰你的老师。

【讨论】：

我试过 (TextBook)bookArray[i].BookGrade 而不是 ((TextBook)bookArray[i]).BookGrade) 干杯
这会改变 BookGrade 的类型而不是 bookArray[i] :)

【解决方案3】：

或者，您可以重新定义您的类并避免检查 for 中的类型：

class Book
{
public int BookNum { get; set; }
public string BookTitle { get; set; }
public string BookAuthor { get; set; }
public double BookPrice { get; set; }
public string BookGrade = "N/A";

}

class TextBook : Book // must be priced between $20.00 and $80.00
{
const double MIN_PRICE = 20;
const double MAX_PRICE = 80;
public string BookGrade { get; set; }

new public double BookPrice
{
    set
    {
        if (value < MIN_PRICE)
        {
            base.BookPrice = MIN_PRICE;
        }
        else if (value > MAX_PRICE)
        {
            base.BookPrice = MAX_PRICE;
        }
        else
        {
            base.BookPrice = value;
        }
    }
    get
    {
        return base.BookPrice;
    }
}
}

class CoffeeTableBook : Book //must be priced between $35.00 and $100.00
{
const double MIN_PRICE = 35;
const double MAX_PRICE = 100;
new public double BookPrice
{
    set
    {
        if (value < MIN_PRICE)
        {
            base.BookPrice = MIN_PRICE;
        }
        else if (value > MAX_PRICE)
        {
            base.BookPrice = MAX_PRICE;
        }
        else
        {
            base.BookPrice = value;
        }
    }
    get
    {
        return base.BookPrice;
    }
}
}

主要是：

foreach (Book singleBook in BookArray)
        {

        Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2} {3} {4}", singleBook.BookNum, singleBook.BookTitle, singleBook.BookAuthor, singleBook.BookPrice, singleBook.BookGrade);
        }

【讨论】：

【解决方案4】：

你可以用更短的格式重写你的 for 循环：

string output;

foreach (Book bk in bookArray)
{
    output = string.Format(
                 "{0} {1} {2} {3} {4}",
                 bk.BookNum,
                 bk.BookTitle,
                 bk.BookAuthor,
                 bk.BookPrice,
                 (bk is TextBook)
                     ? (bk as TextBook).BookGrade
                     : "N/A");

    Console.WriteLine(output);
}

【讨论】：

【解决方案5】：

想象一下，如果您添加更多从 Book 派生的类会发生什么，您的代码最终会变得笨拙

if(book.GetType() == typeof(TextBook))
{
}
if(book.GetType() == typeof(CoffeeTableBook))
{
}
if(book.GetType() == typeof(AnotherBookType))
{
}
if(book.GetType() == typeof(MagicalSpellsBook))
{
}
if(book.GetType() == typeof(Whatever))
{
}

如果实际显示Books 的代码开始起作用，情况会变得更糟。

你能做些什么来解决这个问题？首先介绍一个BookRenderer

class BookRenderer
{
    List<ISpecificBookRenderer> specificBookRenderers = ...; // pass via constructor

    public void RenderBook(Book b)
    {
        var matchingRenderer = specificBookRenderers.First(r => r.BookType == b.GetType());
        matchingRenderer.RenderBook(b);
    }
}

派生自ISpecificBookRenderer 的类型负责呈现您的图书。接口ISpecificBookRenderer定义为

interface ISpecificBookRenderer 
{
    Type BookType { get; }

    void RenderBook(Book b);
}

现在您可以为从Book 派生的每种类型创建一个渲染器，例如

class TextBookRenderer
{
    public Type BookType => typeof(TextBook);

    public void RenderBook(Book b)
    {
        if(b is TextBoox textBook)
        {
            // output TextBook value
        }

        throw new ArgumentException("Passed book is not a TextBook", nameof(b));
    }
}

当然，这是有代价的，但单节课保持整洁。此外，可以想象需要将您的书籍渲染到不同的系统。引入这些渲染器允许您在不更改实际类的情况下交换实现。并且您不会将业务逻辑（您的 Book 类 - 在这种情况下是它们，因为它们执行价格检查）与演示文稿混淆，如果您只是覆盖 @ 987654332@实现您想要的演示。

【讨论】：