Python 中的 For 循环函数答案

【问题标题】：For Loop Functions in PythonPython 中的 For 循环函数
【发布时间】：2013-08-11 02:03:41
【问题描述】：

我正在继续一个 Hangman 项目，我遇到了 for 循环并在其中执行一个函数的问题。例如，如果你在一个名为“CANADA”的关卡中按下，然后按下“B”，由于加拿大没有 B，它应该画出 Hangman 的第一行。这是我到目前为止所做的：

def hangman1():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (775, 250), (775, 50), (4))
def hangman2():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (750, 250), (800, 250), (4))
def hangman3():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (775, 50), (925, 50), (4))
def hangman4():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (925, 50), (925, 175), (4))
def hangman5():
    pygame.draw.circle(screen, black, (925, 100), 30, (0))
def hangman6():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (925, 125), (925, 200), (4))
def hangman7():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (885, 160), (965, 160), (4))
def hangman8():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (925, 200), (900, 225), (4))
def hangman9():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (925, 200), (950, 225), (4))

再写一段代码...

letters = list('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz')
a = font2.render(str(letters[0]), True, (black))
b = font2.render(str(letters[1]), True, (black))
c = font2.render(str(letters[2]), True, (black))
d = font2.render(str(letters[3]), True, (black))
e = font2.render(str(letters[4]), True, (black))
f = font2.render(str(letters[5]), True, (black))
g = font2.render(str(letters[6]), True, (black))
h = font2.render(str(letters[7]), True, (black))
i = font2.render(str(letters[8]), True, (black))
j = font2.render(str(letters[9]), True, (black))
k = font2.render(str(letters[10]), True, (black))
l = font2.render(str(letters[11]), True, (black))
m = font2.render(str(letters[12]), True, (black))
n = font2.render(str(letters[13]), True, (black))
o = font2.render(str(letters[14]), True, (black))
p = font2.render(str(letters[15]), True, (black))
q = font2.render(str(letters[16]), True, (black))
r = font2.render(str(letters[17]), True, (black))
s = font2.render(str(letters[18]), True, (black))
t = font2.render(str(letters[19]), True, (black))
u = font2.render(str(letters[20]), True, (black))
v = font2.render(str(letters[21]), True, (black))
w = font2.render(str(letters[22]), True, (black))
x = font2.render(str(letters[23]), True, (black))
y = font2.render(str(letters[24]), True, (black))
z = font2.render(str(letters[25]), True, (black))

那么……

    hangman = [hangman1, hangman2, hangman3, hangman4, hangman5, hangman6, hangman7, hangman8, hangman9]
    for linebyline in hangman:

稍后...

                    elif b1.collidepoint(pygame.mouse.get_pos()):
                        letter = letters[1]
                        check = country.count(letter)
                        if check >= 1:
                            if letter == letters[0]:
                                aPosition = 325, 235
                                a3 = screen.blit((a), (375, 235))
                                a4 = screen.blit((a), (425, 235))
                                a1.x, a1.y = -500, -500
                            elif letter == letters[2]:
                                cPosition = 300, 235
                                c1.x, c1.y = -500, -500
                            elif letter == letters[13]:
                                nPosition = 450, 235
                                n1.x, n1.y = -500, -500
                            elif letter == letters[3]:
                                dPosition = 600, 235
                                d1.x, d1.y = -500, -500
                        else:
                            b2 = font.render(str(letters[1]), True, (red))
                            screen.blit(b2, (485, 325))
                            linebyline()
                            time.sleep(0.5)
                            bPosition = -500, -500
                            b1.x, b1.y = -500, -500

当我按下 B 时，它会变成红色，并在 0.5 秒内消失，但不会画线。有什么帮助吗？

编辑：我用另一个模块做了一些测试，这个功能在打印普通文本时工作得很好。但是当我用绘图（Pygame）再次测试它时，它工作了，但是当结合其他东西（如time.sleep()）时，它显示一个白屏。当与print 结合使用时，绘图不起作用，但打印起作用。此外，如果我添加了time.sleep(1)，它将黑屏整整九秒钟，而无需执行任何其他操作。这是我的测试代码：

import pygame, sys, random, time
from pygame.locals import *
pygame.init()

screen = pygame.display.set_mode((1000, 700))
pygame.display.set_caption("Hangman: Countries")
black = 0, 0, 0
def hangman1():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (775, 250), (775, 50), (4))
    print 'test'
def hangman2():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (750, 250), (800, 250), (4))
    print 'test somethin'
def hangman3():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (775, 50), (925, 50), (4))
    print 'test something else'
def hangman4():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (925, 50), (925, 175), (4))
    print 'eggs'
def hangman5():
    pygame.draw.circle(screen, black, (925, 100), 30, (0))
    print 'hangman'
def hangman6():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (925, 125), (925, 200), (4))
    print 'facebook'
def hangman7():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (885, 160), (965, 160), (4))
    print 'internet'
def hangman8():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (925, 200), (900, 225), (4))
    print 'more tests'
def hangman9():
    pygame.draw.line(screen, black, (925, 200), (950, 225), (4))
    print 'cheese'

while True:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == QUIT:
            pygame.quit()
            sys.exit()

    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
    list1 = [hangman1(), hangman2(), hangman3(), hangman4(), hangman5(), hangman6(), hangman7(), hangman8(), hangman9()]
    for greet in list1:
        greet
        time.sleep(1)
    pygame.display.flip()

它在 shell 中同时打印出一堆单词，然后在 9 秒后屏幕变为完全绘制的刽子手，同样的一组单词又出现了。有什么想法吗，有谁在 Pygame 有经验吗？

【问题讨论】：

else 是否需要另一个缩进？
此外，您可以使用letter_number = ord(my_letter) - 96来简化您的字母代码
只是一般性评论 - Python 的基本原则之一是 DRY - 不要重复自己。仔细查看您的代码并考虑可以更改的内容 - 可能会合并为一个函数，甚至是一行。
MattDMo：我很不同意，我个人认为 python 和 'pythonic' 代码非常反 DRY，不是故意的，而是因为 'pythonic' 有一个子哲学“显式总是更好”。
(thing) 不是唯一内容为thing 的单元素元组；括号被解释为表达式分组，所以(thing) 就是thing。如果你想要一个 1 元素元组，你想要(thing,)。注意逗号。

标签： python function loops pygame

【解决方案1】：

我刚刚制作了一个正常运行的刽子手程序。也许看看这个逻辑会有所帮助：

忽略这个：

#!/usr/bin/python

import string
alphabet = string.ascii_lowercase

# represents drawing routines
def hangman1():
    print(1)
def hangman2():
    print(2)
def hangman3():
    print(3)
# ignore this, never do this:
def myprint(x): #python2 hack, unnecessary in python3
    print(x)
for i in range(1,10):
    globals()['hangman{}'.format(i)] = lambda i=i: myprint('bodypart#{}'.format(i))

# ignore this
class EnumItem(object):
    def __init__(self, namespace, namespace_name, value):
        self.namespace = namespace
        self.namespace_name = namespace_name
        self.value = value
    def __repr__(self):
        return '{}.{}'.format(self.namespace_name, self.value)
class Enumeration(object):
    def __init__(self, prefix, names):
        prefix = prefix.upper().replace(' ','_')
        globals()[prefix] = self  #don't do this with locals()

        self.items = names
        for i,name in enumerate(names.strip().splitlines()):
            name = name.strip().upper().replace(' ','_')
            value = EnumItem(self, prefix, name)
            setattr(self, name, value)
            #globals()[name] = value  #optional, also don't do this with locals()

一些枚举：

Enumeration('GAME_STATE', '''
    active 
    lost 
    won
''')
Enumeration('GUESS', '''
    invalid not a letter
    invalid already guessed
    correct
    correct win
    incorrect
    incorrect loss
''')

游戏逻辑 - 如果您在思考刽子手规则时遇到困难，请查看此部分（我省略了一些内容以使其完全正确地使用空格运行，以便更容易理解）：

class HangmanGame(object):
    MAX_INCORRECT_GUESSES = 10

    _bodyparts = [
        hangman1, hangman2, hangman3 #...
    ]

    def __init__(self, hidden_goal_phrase):
        self.phrase = hidden_goal_phrase.lower()    # e.g. batman
        self.revealed = '?'*len(hidden_goal_phrase) # e.g. ??????
        self.guessed = set()                        # e.g. {'b', 't'}
        self.num_incorrect_guesses = 0
        self.game_state = GAME_STATE.ACTIVE

    def guess(self, letter):
        """
            Interact with game by calling this function repeatedly with user's guesses
             letter - the letter the player has guessed
        """
        if not letter in alphabet or not len(letter)==1:
            return GUESS.INVALID_NOT_A_LETTER

        if letter in self.guessed:
            return GUESS.INVALID_ALREADY_GUESSED  # or throw a custom exception class HangmanIncorrectGuessException(Exception): pass

        # else guess is legitimate

        self.guessed.add(letter)
        if letter in self.phrase:  # if guess was correct
            # update internal state
            self.revealed = ''.join((c if c in self.guessed else (' ' if c==' ' else '?')) for c in self.phrase)

            # check for win
            print(set(self.guessed), set(self.phrase))
            if self.guessed>=set(self.phrase):  # non-strict superset, see set.__ge__ etc.
                self.game_state = GAME_STATE.WON
                self.redraw
                return GUESS.CORRECT_WIN
            else:
                return GUESS.CORRECT
        else:  # if guess was incorrect
            self.num_incorrect_guesses += 1

            # check for loss
            if self.num_incorrect_guesses==HangmanGame.MAX_INCORRECT_GUESSES:
                self.game_state = GAME_STATE.LOST
                self.redraw()
                return GUESS.INCORRECT_LOSS
            else:
                self.redraw()
                return GUESS.INCORRECT

    def redraw(self):
        '''
            updates canvas to reflect current game state
        '''
        # pygame.clearcanvasorsomething()
        for bodypart in HangmanGame._bodyparts[:self.num_incorrect_guesses]:
            bodypart()

        if self.game_state==GAME_STATE.LOST:
            pass #draw appropriate GAME OVER
        elif self.game_state==GAME_STATE.WON:
            pass #draw appropriate CONGRATULATIONS

互动循环：

while True:
    print('NEW GAME')
    game = HangmanGame('penguin')
    while game.game_state==GAME_STATE.ACTIVE:
        result = game.guess(raw_input('Guess a letter: '))
        print(game.revealed, result)
        print('')

演示游戏：

NEW GAME                                                                                                                                    
Guess a letter: p
(set(['p']), set(['e', 'g', 'i', 'n', 'p', 'u']))
('p??????', GUESS.CORRECT)

Guess a letter: e
(set(['p', 'e']), set(['e', 'g', 'i', 'n', 'p', 'u']))
('pe?????', GUESS.CORRECT)

Guess a letter: n
(set(['p', 'e', 'n']), set(['e', 'g', 'i', 'n', 'p', 'u']))
('pen???n', GUESS.CORRECT)

Guess a letter: guin
('pen???n', GUESS.INVALID_NOT_A_LETTER)

Guess a letter: 7
('pen???n', GUESS.INVALID_NOT_A_LETTER)

Guess a letter:  
('pen???n', GUESS.INVALID_NOT_A_LETTER)

Guess a letter: z
bodypart#1
('pen???n', GUESS.INCORRECT)

Guess a letter: x
bodypart#1
bodypart#2
('pen???n', GUESS.INCORRECT)

Guess a letter: c
bodypart#1
bodypart#2
bodypart#3
('pen???n', GUESS.INCORRECT)

Guess a letter: i
(set(['p', 'c', 'e', 'i', 'x', 'z', 'n']), set(['e', 'g', 'i', 'n', 'p', 'u']))
('pen??in', GUESS.CORRECT)

Guess a letter: u
(set(['c', 'e', 'i', 'n', 'p', 'u', 'x', 'z']), set(['e', 'g', 'i', 'n', 'p', 'u']))
('pen?uin', GUESS.CORRECT)

Guess a letter: g
(set(['c', 'e', 'g', 'i', 'n', 'p', 'u', 'x', 'z']), set(['e', 'g', 'i', 'n', 'p', 'u']))
('penguin', GUESS.CORRECT_WIN)

NEW GAME
Guess a letter: q
bodypart#1
('???????', GUESS.INCORRECT)

Guess a letter: w
bodypart#1
bodypart#2
('???????', GUESS.INCORRECT)

Guess a letter: r
bodypart#1
bodypart#2
bodypart#3
('???????', GUESS.INCORRECT)

...more incorrect guesses...

('???????', GUESS.INCORRECT_LOSS)

【讨论】：

您好，谢谢您，但我只需要了解为什么linebyline() 不起作用。这似乎是一个非常好的 Hangman 游戏，但我使用 Pygame 添加图形，是的，hangman 线条。