出现此错误的未知原因

Question

我只是python的初学者。我的代码一天前可以工作，但是当我重新打开它时，它突然停止工作。我正在创建一个绘画程序并制作了一个矩形形状，但是错误总是出现在一行代码中，而且它从来没有这样做过。

我没有触摸我的代码，现在程序运行了，但是当我尝试绘制矩形本身时出现错误。我试图重新定义“screenCap”变量，但它没有帮助

ERROR: Traceback (most recent call last):   File
"C:\Users\Mazen\Desktop\paint project 1\paintproject.py", line 498, in
<module>     screen.blit(screenCap,(400,70)) TypeError: argument 1
must be pygame.Surface, not builtin_function_or_method >>>

from pygame import *
from random import *
from math import *
from tkinter import *

root=Tk()
root.withdraw() #hides the extra window

width,height=1280,695
screen=display.set_mode((width,height))
RED=(255,0,0)
GREY=(127,127,127)
BLACK=(0,0,0)
BLUE=(0,0,255)
GREEN=(0,255,0)
YELLOW=(255,255,0)
WHITE=(255,255,255)

tool="NO TOOL"
omx,omy,mx,my=0,0,0,0
sx=0 #Starting x
sy=0 
col=(0,0,0)
Shaperad=1 #thickness for all unfilled shapes
Prad=1 #thickness for the pencil
rad=3 #thickness for the brush, eraser, highlighter and spray paint
hlighter=Surface((20,20),SRCALPHA)#for changing the transparency
r,g,b,a=(255,165,0,255) #(r-red,g-green,b-blue,a-alpha)these variables are used to chnage the colours of the highlighter including transparency (ALPHA) 


#background
backgroundPic=image.load("images/background.jpg")
screen.blit(backgroundPic,(0,0))

#the canvas
canvas=Rect(400,70,850,500)
draw.rect(screen,WHITE,canvas)

#tools
pencil=Rect(30,180,60,60)
eraser=Rect(110,180,60,60)
brush=Rect(190,180,60,60)
spraypaint=Rect(30,260,60,60)
highlighter=Rect(110,260,60,60)
oval=Rect(30,340,60,60)
rectangle=Rect(110,340,60,60)
line=Rect(190,340,60,60)
filledoval=Rect(30,420,60,60)
filledrect=Rect(110,420,60,60)
polygon=Rect(190,420,60,60)

#displaying tools
draw.rect(screen,BLUE,rectangle)
draw.rect(screen,BLUE,line)
draw.rect(screen,BLUE,oval)
draw.rect(screen,BLUE,filledoval)
draw.rect(screen,BLUE,filledrect)
draw.rect(screen,BLUE,polygon)

#tool photos
rectanglePic=image.load("images/rectangle.png")
screen.blit(rectanglePic,(115,346))
linePic=image.load("images/line.png")
screen.blit(linePic,(190,345))
ovalPic=image.load("images/oval.png")
screen.blit(ovalPic,(33,340))


screenCap=screen.subsurface(canvas).copy()#taking a PARTIAL screen shot
canvas2=screen.subsurface(canvas).copy()#clear copy of the canvas
Rlist=[canvas2]
Ulist=[canvas2]

running=True
while running:
    for evt in event.get():
       if evt.type==QUIT:
           running=False
    screenCap=screen.subsurface(canvas).copy()
        #controling thickness
       if evt.type==KEYDOWN: #some key was pressed
           if evt.key==K_UP and tool=="pencil":
               Prad+=1 #the thickness of the pencil increases by 1
               if Prad>3: #Checks to see if  the thicknes goes over 3 and if it does, then it becomes 3
                   Prad=3
           if evt.key==K_UP:
               Shaperad+=1
               if Shaperad>30:
                   Shaperad=30
           if evt.key==K_UP:
              rad+=1
              if rad>40:
                  rad=40
           if evt.key==K_DOWN:
               Prad-=1
               if Prad==0:
                   Prad=1
               Shaperad-=1
               if Shaperad==0:
                   Shaperad=1
               rad-=1
               if rad==0:
                   rad=1

        #mouse visibility
       if evt.type==MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
           mouse.set_visible(False)
       if evt.type==MOUSEBUTTONUP:
           mouse.set_visible(True)

       if evt.type==MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
           sx,sy=evt.pos
           screenCap=screen.subsurface(canvas).copy()#taking a screenshot
       if evt.type==MOUSEBUTTONUP:
           screen.set_clip(canvas)

        #undo
       if evt.type==MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
           if mb[0]==1:
               click=True
           screenCap=screen.copy #taking a screenshot
           sx,sy=mouse.get_pos()

       if evt.type==MOUSEBUTTONUP:
           if canvas.collidepoint(mx,my): #If the canvas rect/s collidepoint is the mouse (mouse touches canvas)
               duplicate=screen.subsurface(canvas).copy() #makes a duplicate of the surface of the canvas
               Ulist.append(duplicate) #appends the dupolicated surface of the canvas

    mx,my=mouse.get_pos()
    mb=mouse.get_pressed()



    #hover colour change
    if pencil.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,pencil,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,pencil,3)
    if eraser.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,eraser,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,eraser,3)
    if rectangle.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,rectangle,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,rectangle,3)
    if line.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,line,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,line,3)
    if oval.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,oval,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,oval,3)
    if brush.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,brush,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,brush,3)
    if spraypaint.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,spraypaint,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,spraypaint,3)
    if highlighter.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,highlighter,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,highlighter,3)
    if filledoval.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,filledoval,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,filledoval,3)
    if filledrect.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,filledrect,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,filledrect,3)
    if polygon.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,polygon,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,polygon,3)
    if gingerbread.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,gingerbread,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,gingerbread,3)
    if gift.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,gift,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,gift,3)
    if santa.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,santa,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,santa,3)
    if sleigh.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,sleigh,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,sleigh,3)
    if stalking.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,stalking,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,stalking,3)
    if elf.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,elf,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,elf,3)
    if tree.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,tree,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,tree,3)
    if mistletoe.collidepoint(mx,my):
        draw.rect(screen,BLUE,mistletoe,3)
    else:
        draw.rect(screen,GREEN,mistletoe,3)


    #tool selection        
    if mb[0]==1 and rectangle.collidepoint(mx,my):
        tool="rectangle"
        draw.rect(screen,RED,rectangle,3)

    if mb[0]==1 and line.collidepoint(mx,my):
        tool="line"
        draw.rect(screen,RED,line,3)

    if mb[0]==1 and oval.collidepoint(mx,my):
        tool="oval"
        draw.rect(screen,RED,oval,3)

    if mb[0]==1 and save.collidepoint(mx,my):
        try:
            fname=filedialog.asksaveasfilename(defaultextension=".png")
            print(fname)
            if fname!="": #This checks if a file name has been entered
                image.save(screen.subsurface(canvasRect),fname) #Saving the picture
            image.save(screen.copy(),fname)
        except:
            print("Saving error")
    if mb[0]==1 and load.collidepoint(mx,my):
        try:
            fname=filedialog.askopenfilename()
            if fname!="":
                Pic=image.load(fname)
                width=Pic.get_width() #recieves the width of the image/file that is being opened
                height=Pic.get_height() #recieves the height of the image/file that is being opened
                if width>400: #checks to see if the width of the picture is larger than the width of the whole canvas
                    file=transform.scale(Pic,(400,height)) #changes the width if it is too large
                if height>70: #checks to see if the height of the picture is larger than the height of the whole canvas
                    file=transform.scale(Pic,(width,70)) #changes the height if it is too large
                if height>70 and width>400:
                    file=transform.scale(Pic,(400,70)) #This transforms the width if its larger
                draw.rect(screen,WHITE,canvas) #This draws a white rectangle so that when you blit a picture it covers everything, including your previous drawings
                screen.blit(file,(canvas)) #This blits the picture onto the canvas
        except:
            print("load error")

    if mb[0]==1 and redo.collidepoint(mx,my):
        if len(Rlist)!=1: #checks to see if the redo list is not equal to one
            Ulist.append(Rlist[-1])#brings back the last thing that was in the Ulist
            Rlist.pop()#removes the last thing on the Rlist
            screen.blit(Ulist[-1],(canvas))

    if mb[0]==1 and undo.collidepoint(mx,my):
        if len(Ulist)!=1:#checks to make sure that the length of the Ulist is not 1 because if it was not 1 it will undo, but if it is 1 and you click undo, the canvas will erase 
            Rlist.append(Ulist[-1]) 
            Ulist.pop() 
            screen.blit(Ulist[-1],(canvas))

    #using tools
    if mb[0]==1:
        if canvas.collidepoint(mx,my):
            screen.set_clip(canvas)
            if tool=="eraser":
                 #no spaces for eraser
                dx=mx-omx #run
                dy=my-omy #rise
                dist=int(sqrt(dx**2+dy**2))
                for i in range(1,dist):
                    cx=int(omx+i*dx/dist)
                    cy=int(omy+i*dy/dist)
                    draw.circle(screen,WHITE,(cx,cy),rad)
            if tool=="rectangle":
                screen.blit(screenCap,(400,70))
                draw.rect(screen,col,(sx,sy,mx-sx,my-sy),Shaperad)
                #these rects are to fix the gap error when increasing the thickness of the rectangle
                draw.rect(screen,col,(sx-(Shaperad/2-1),sy-(Shaperad/2-1),Shaperad,Shaperad))
                draw.rect(screen,col,(sx-(Shaperad/2-1),my-(Shaperad/2),Shaperad,Shaperad))
                draw.rect(screen,col,(mx-(Shaperad/2),sy-(Shaperad/2-1),Shaperad,Shaperad))
                draw.rect(screen,col,(mx-(Shaperad/2),my-(Shaperad/2),Shaperad,Shaperad))

Answer 1

你错过了括号() 那里screenCap=screen.copy #taking a screenshot。应该是：

        #undo
       if evt.type==MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
           if mb[0]==1:
               click=True
           screenCap=screen.copy() #taking a screenshot
           sx,sy=mouse.get_pos()

对 Python 初学者的一些建议：

• 这种方法 - import *:

  from pygame import *
  from random import *
  from math import *
  from tkinter import *
  

  通过隐藏导入模块的名称可能会带来很多麻烦。例如，pygame 中的任何名称与 tkinter 中的名称相同，都可以被遮蔽。

  更简洁的方法是只导入您使用的名称，例如：

  from pygame import display, ...
  from tkinter import Tk, ...
  

• 正如我在我的 cmets 中已经提到的，保持行的一致缩进

• 下载、安装和使用PyCharm Community Edition - 它将突出显示有错误和设计问题的代码 - 这对学习 Python 和更快的开发有很大帮助