（如何）我可以让这个单子绑定尾递归吗？

Question

我有一个叫做 Desync 的 monad -

[<AutoOpen>]
module DesyncModule =

    /// The Desync monad. Allows the user to define in a sequential style an operation that spans
    /// across a bounded number of events. Span is bounded because I've yet to figure out how to
    /// make Desync implementation tail-recursive (see note about unbounded recursion in bind). And
    /// frankly, I'm not sure if there is a tail-recursive implementation of it...
    type [<NoComparison; NoEquality>] Desync<'e, 's, 'a> =
        Desync of ('s -> 's * Either<'e -> Desync<'e, 's, 'a>, 'a>)

    /// Monadic return for the Desync monad.
    let internal returnM (a : 'a) : Desync<'e, 's, 'a> =
        Desync (fun s -> (s, Right a))

    /// Monadic bind for the Desync monad.
    let rec internal bind (m : Desync<'e, 's, 'a>) (cont : 'a -> Desync<'e, 's, 'b>) : Desync<'e, 's, 'b> =
        Desync (fun s ->
            match (match m with Desync f -> f s) with
            //                              ^--- NOTE: unbounded recursion here
            | (s', Left m') -> (s', Left (fun e -> bind (m' e) cont))
            | (s', Right v) -> match cont v with Desync f -> f s')

    /// Builds the Desync monad.
    type DesyncBuilder () =
        member this.Return op = returnM op
        member this.Bind (m, cont) = bind m cont

    /// The Desync builder.
    let desync = DesyncBuilder ()

它允许使用计算表达式以看似顺序的方式编写跨多个游戏时间执行的游戏逻辑的实现。

不幸的是，当用于持续无限多游戏刻的任务时，它会因 StackOverflowException 而崩溃。即使它没有崩溃，它也会以这样的笨拙的堆栈跟踪结束 -

InfinityRpg.exe!InfinityRpg.GameplayDispatcherModule.desync@525-20.Invoke(Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen> _arg10) Line 530   F#
Prime.exe!Prime.DesyncModule.bind@20<Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>,Nu.SimulationModule.World,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>>.Invoke(Nu.SimulationModule.World s) Line 24    F#
Prime.exe!Prime.DesyncModule.bind@20<Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>,Nu.SimulationModule.World,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>.Invoke(Nu.SimulationModule.World s) Line 21    F#
Prime.exe!Prime.DesyncModule.bind@20<Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>,Nu.SimulationModule.World,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>.Invoke(Nu.SimulationModule.World s) Line 21    F#
Prime.exe!Prime.DesyncModule.bind@20<Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>,Nu.SimulationModule.World,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>.Invoke(Nu.SimulationModule.World s) Line 21    F#
Prime.exe!Prime.DesyncModule.bind@20<Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>,Nu.SimulationModule.World,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>.Invoke(Nu.SimulationModule.World s) Line 21    F#
Prime.exe!Prime.DesyncModule.bind@20<Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>,Nu.SimulationModule.World,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>.Invoke(Nu.SimulationModule.World s) Line 21    F#
Prime.exe!Prime.DesyncModule.bind@20<Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>,Nu.SimulationModule.World,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>.Invoke(Nu.SimulationModule.World s) Line 21    F#
Prime.exe!Prime.DesyncModule.bind@20<Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>,Nu.SimulationModule.World,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>.Invoke(Nu.SimulationModule.World s) Line 21    F#
Prime.exe!Prime.Desync.step<Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>,Nu.SimulationModule.World,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>(Prime.DesyncModule.Desync<Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>,Nu.SimulationModule.World,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit> m, Nu.SimulationModule.World s) Line 71 F#
Prime.exe!Prime.Desync.advanceDesync<Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>,Nu.SimulationModule.World,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>(Microsoft.FSharp.Core.FSharpFunc<Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>,Prime.DesyncModule.Desync<Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>,Nu.SimulationModule.World,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>> m, Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen> e, Nu.SimulationModule.World s) Line 75 F#
Nu.exe!Nu.Desync.advance@98<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>.Invoke(Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen> event, Nu.SimulationModule.World world) Line 100 F#
Nu.exe!Nu.Desync.subscription@104-16<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>.Invoke(Nu.SimulationModule.Event<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen> event, Nu.SimulationModule.World world) Line 105    F#
Nu.exe!Nu.World.boxableSubscription@165<Prime.EitherModule.Either<Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit,Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Unit>,Nu.SimulationModule.Screen>.Invoke(object event, Nu.SimulationModule.World world) Line 166 F#

我希望通过使绑定函数尾递归的 Left case 来解决问题。但是，我不确定两件事 -

1) 如果可以做到，并且 2) 它实际上是如何完成的。

如果这里不可能使绑定尾递归，有没有办法重组我的 monad 以使其成为尾递归？

EDIT 3（包含以前的编辑）：这是实现异步组合器的附加代码，我将使用它来演示堆栈溢出 -

module Desync =

    /// Get the state.
    let get : Desync<'e, 's, 's> =
        Desync (fun s -> (s, Right s))

    /// Set the state.
    let set s : Desync<'e, 's, unit> =
        Desync (fun _ -> (s, Right ()))

    /// Loop in a desynchronous context while 'pred' evaluate to true.
    let rec loop (i : 'i) (next : 'i -> 'i) (pred : 'i -> 's -> bool) (m : 'i -> Desync<'e, 's, unit>) =
        desync {
            let! s = get
            do! if pred i s then
                    desync {
                        do! m i
                        let i = next i
                        do! loop i next pred m }
                else returnM () }

    /// Loop in a desynchronous context while 'pred' evaluates to true.
    let during (pred : 's -> bool) (m : Desync<'e, 's, unit>) =
        loop () id (fun _ -> pred) (fun _ -> m)

    /// Step once into a desync.
    let step (m : Desync<'e, 's, 'a>) (s : 's) : 's * Either<'e -> Desync<'e, 's, 'a>, 'a> =
    match m with Desync f -> f s

    /// Run a desync to its end, providing e for all its steps.
    let rec runDesync (m : Desync<'e, 's, 'a>) (e : 'e) (s : 's) : ('s * 'a) =
        match step m s with
        | (s', Left m') -> runDesync (m' e) e s'
        | (s', Right v) -> (s', v)

这是 Either 实现 -

[<AutoOpen>]
module EitherModule =

    /// Haskell-style Either type.
    type Either<'l, 'r> =
        | Right of 'r
        | Left of 'l

最后，这里有一行简单的代码会产生堆栈溢出 -

open Desync
ignore <| runDesync (desync { do! during (fun _ -> true) (returnM ()) }) () ()

Answer 1

在我看来，你的 monad 是一个带有错误处理的状态。

基本上是 ErrorT< State<'s,Either<'e,'a>>> ，但错误分支再次绑定，我不太清楚为什么。

无论如何，我都能用基本的 State monad 重现您的 Stack Overflow：

type State<'S,'A> = State of ('S->('A * 'S))

module State =
    let run (State x) = x :'s->_
    let get() = State (fun s -> (s , s))  :State<'s,_>
    let put x = State (fun _ -> ((), x))  :State<'s,_>
    let result a = State(fun s -> (a, s))
    let bind (State m) k = State(fun s -> 
                                    let (a, s') = m s
                                    let (State u) = (k a) 
                                    u s')     :State<'s,'b>

    type StateBuilder() =
        member this.Return op = result op
        member this.Bind (m, cont) = bind m cont

    let state = StateBuilder()

    let rec loop (i: 'i) (next: 'i -> 'i) (pred: 'i -> 's -> bool) (m: 'i -> State<'s, unit>) =
        state {
            let! s = get()
            do! if pred i s then
                    state {
                        do! m i
                        let i = next i
                        do! loop i next pred m }
                else result () }

    let during (pred : 's -> bool) (m : State<'s, unit>) =
        loop () id (fun _ -> pred) (fun _ -> m)

// test
open State
ignore <| run (state { do! during (fun c -> true) (result ()) })  () // boom

如 cmets 中所述，解决此问题的一种方法是使用 StateT<'s,Cont<'r,'a>>。

这是solution 的示例。最后有一个 zipIndex 函数的测试，当使用正常的 State monad 定义时，它也会破坏堆栈。

请注意，您不需要使用来自 FsControl（现为 FSharpPlus）的 Monad Transformers，我使用它们是因为它对我来说更容易，因为我编写的代码更少，但您始终可以手动创建转换后的 monad。