以下代码使用蛮力方法(未优化),但相当健壮:
#!usr/bin/env python
import random
import collections
# Candidates:
candidates = ['John', 'Max', 'Philip', 'Eric', 'Jane']
def simul_ballots(num_voters):
"""
Returns the (random) ballots of num_voters voters.
"""
ballots = []
choice = candidates[:]
for _ in range(num_voters):
random.shuffle(choice)
ballots.append(choice[:]) # Copy
return ballots
def get_counts(ballots):
"""
Returns the number of votes for each candidate placed first in the
ballots.
Candidates present in the ballots but found in any first ballot
places are given a count of zero.
"""
counts = dict()
for ballot in ballots:
vote = ballot[0]
if vote in counts:
counts[vote] += 1
else:
counts[vote] = 1
# Python 2.7+ replacement for the above code:
# counts = collections.Counter(ballot[0] for ballot in ballots)
candidates = set()
for ballot in ballots:
candidates.update(ballot)
for not_represented in set(candidates)-set(counts):
counts[not_represented] = 0
return counts
def get_winners(ballots):
"""
Returns the winners in the given ballots (lists of candidates), or
[] if there is no winner.
A winner is a candidate with 50 % or more of the votes, or a
candidate with as many votes as all the other candidates.
"""
counts = get_counts(ballots)
max_count = max(counts.values())
num_counts = sum(counts.values())
potential_winners = [candidate for (candidate, count) in counts.items()
if count == max_count]
if max_count >= num_counts/2. or len(potential_winners) == len(counts):
return potential_winners
else:
return []
def get_losers(ballots):
"""
Returns the loser(s) of the ballots, i.e. the candidate(s) with the
fewest voters.
Returns [] if all candidates have the same number of votes.
"""
counts = get_counts(ballots)
min_count = min(counts.values())
potential_losers = [candidate for (candidate, count) in counts.items()
if count == min_count]
if len(potential_losers) == len(counts):
return []
else:
return potential_losers
def remove_candidate(ballots, candidate):
"""
Removes the given candidate from the ballots.
"""
for ballot in ballots:
ballot.remove(candidate)
if __name__ == '__main__':
ballots = simul_ballots(20)
while True:
print "* Votes:"
for ballot in ballots:
print '-', ballot
print "=> Counts:", get_counts(ballots)
winners = get_winners(ballots)
if winners:
break
# The losers are removed:
losers = get_losers(ballots)
print '=> Losers:', losers
for loser in losers:
remove_candidate(ballots, loser)
print "Winners: ", winners
输出如下(有 4 个候选):
* Votes:
- ['Max', 'John', 'Eric', 'Philip']
- ['Philip', 'Max', 'Eric', 'John']
- ['Eric', 'Philip', 'John', 'Max']
- ['Philip', 'John', 'Max', 'Eric']
- ['Eric', 'Max', 'Philip', 'John']
- ['Max', 'Philip', 'John', 'Eric']
- ['Max', 'John', 'Eric', 'Philip']
- ['Eric', 'Philip', 'Max', 'John']
- ['Max', 'Eric', 'Philip', 'John']
- ['Philip', 'Max', 'Eric', 'John']
- ['John', 'Eric', 'Max', 'Philip']
- ['Philip', 'Eric', 'Max', 'John']
- ['Max', 'Philip', 'John', 'Eric']
- ['Philip', 'Max', 'John', 'Eric']
- ['Philip', 'Eric', 'Max', 'John']
- ['John', 'Philip', 'Eric', 'Max']
- ['John', 'Max', 'Philip', 'Eric']
- ['Eric', 'Philip', 'John', 'Max']
- ['John', 'Eric', 'Philip', 'Max']
- ['Philip', 'John', 'Max', 'Eric']
=> Counts: Counter({'Philip': 7, 'Max': 5, 'John': 4, 'Eric': 4})
=> Losers: ['John', 'Eric']
* Votes:
- ['Max', 'Philip']
- ['Philip', 'Max']
- ['Philip', 'Max']
- ['Philip', 'Max']
- ['Max', 'Philip']
- ['Max', 'Philip']
- ['Max', 'Philip']
- ['Philip', 'Max']
- ['Max', 'Philip']
- ['Philip', 'Max']
- ['Max', 'Philip']
- ['Philip', 'Max']
- ['Max', 'Philip']
- ['Philip', 'Max']
- ['Philip', 'Max']
- ['Philip', 'Max']
- ['Max', 'Philip']
- ['Philip', 'Max']
- ['Philip', 'Max']
- ['Philip', 'Max']
=> Counts: Counter({'Philip': 12, 'Max': 8})
Winners: ['Philip']
此代码还可以使用 Python 2.7+ 中的集合模块,如注释中所示。
自动处理平局(所有平局的候选人都被宣布为获胜者)。
可能的优化包括按选票对选民进行分组(如果选民多于可能的选票),以及通过重新分配失败者的计数来更新计数(而不是重新进行全面重新计票)。上述实现提供了一个参考实现,其结果可以与优化版本进行比较。 :)