在观察夏令时的同时解析本地时间的有序时间戳（到 UTC）

Question

我有 CSV 数据文件，其中包含本地时间的时间戳记录。不幸的是，数据文件涵盖了夏令时更改的时间段（2013 年 11 月 3 日），因此记录时间戳的时间部分为：12:45, 1:00, 1:15, 1:30, 1:45, 1:00, 1:15, 1:30, 1:45, 2:00。我希望能够将数据库中的值转换并存储为 UTC。

不幸的是，.NET 的标准 DateTime.Parse() 函数将解析为这样（2013 年 11 月 3 日）：

| Time String | Parsed Local Time | In DST | Parsed Local Time to UTC
|  12:45 am   |    12:45 am       |   Yes  |     4:45 am
| 12:59:59 am |    12:59:59 am    |   Yes  |     4:59:59 am
|  01:00 am   |     1:00 am       |   No   |     6:00 am
|  01:15 am   |     1:15 am       |   No   |     6:15 am

因此它永远不会将1:00-1:59:59 am 范围视为在 DST 中，并且我在 UTC 中解析的时间戳会跳一个小时。

是否有一个库或类可以让我解析时间戳并考虑 DST 的变化？就像某个可实例化的类会记住它已经收到的时间戳流并相应地调整解析的时间戳？

解析时可以做出的数据假设：

1. 我在本地和 UTC 文件的标题部分都有文件的开始时间（第一条记录的时间戳）。
2. 记录按时间戳排序
3. 所有当地时间均采用东部标准时间
4. 数据也可以通过其他方式：从 DST 之外进入它
5. 记录包含完整的时间戳，格式为：yyyy/mm/dd HH:mm:ss (2013/11/03 00:45:00)

注意：虽然我的软件是 C#，但我没有专门标记 C#/.NET，因为我认为我可以使用任何语言的解决方案实现并在必要时重新编码。

Answer 1

在 C# 中：

// Define the input values.
string[] input =
{
    "2013-11-03 00:45:00",
    "2013-11-03 01:00:00",
    "2013-11-03 01:15:00",
    "2013-11-03 01:30:00",
    "2013-11-03 01:45:00",
    "2013-11-03 01:00:00",
    "2013-11-03 01:15:00",
    "2013-11-03 01:30:00",
    "2013-11-03 01:45:00",
    "2013-11-03 02:00:00",
};

// Get the time zone the input is meant to be interpreted in.
TimeZoneInfo tz = TimeZoneInfo.FindSystemTimeZoneById("Eastern Standard Time");

// Create an array for the output values
DateTimeOffset[] output = new DateTimeOffset[input.Length];

// Start with the assumption that DST is active, as ambiguities occur when moving
// out of daylight time into standard time.
bool dst = true;

// Iterate through the input.
for (int i = 0; i < input.Length; i++)
{
    // Parse the input string as a DateTime with Unspecified kind
    DateTime dt = DateTime.ParseExact(input[i], "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss",
                                      CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);

    // Determine the offset.
    TimeSpan offset;
    if (tz.IsAmbiguousTime(dt))
    {
        // Get the possible offsets, and use the DST flag and the previous entry
        // to determine if we are past the transition point.  This only works
        // because we have outside knowledge that the items are in sequence.
        TimeSpan[] offsets = tz.GetAmbiguousTimeOffsets(dt);
        offset = dst && (i == 0 || dt >= output[i - 1].DateTime)
                 ? offsets[1] : offsets[0];
    }
    else
    {
        // The value is unambiguous, so just get the single offset it can be.
        offset = tz.GetUtcOffset(dt);
    }

    // Use the determined values to construct a DateTimeOffset
    DateTimeOffset dto = new DateTimeOffset(dt, offset);

    // We can unambiguously check a DateTimeOffset for daylight saving time,
    // which sets up the DST flag for the next iteration.
    dst = tz.IsDaylightSavingTime(dto);

    // Save the DateTimeOffset to the output array.
    output[i] = dto;
}


// Show the output for debugging
foreach (var dto in output)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss zzzz} => {1:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss} UTC",
                       dto, dto.UtcDateTime);
}

输出：

2013-11-03 00:45:00 -04:00 => 2013-11-03 04:45:00 UTC
2013-11-03 01:00:00 -04:00 => 2013-11-03 05:00:00 UTC
2013-11-03 01:15:00 -04:00 => 2013-11-03 05:15:00 UTC
2013-11-03 01:30:00 -04:00 => 2013-11-03 05:30:00 UTC
2013-11-03 01:45:00 -04:00 => 2013-11-03 05:45:00 UTC
2013-11-03 01:00:00 -05:00 => 2013-11-03 06:00:00 UTC
2013-11-03 01:15:00 -05:00 => 2013-11-03 06:15:00 UTC
2013-11-03 01:30:00 -05:00 => 2013-11-03 06:30:00 UTC
2013-11-03 01:45:00 -05:00 => 2013-11-03 06:45:00 UTC
2013-11-03 02:00:00 -05:00 => 2013-11-03 07:00:00 UTC

请注意，这假定您第一次遇到像 1:00 这样的模棱两可的时间时，它将在 DST 中。假设您的列表被截断为仅最后 5 个条目 - 您不会知道这些是标准时间。在这种特殊情况下，您无能为力。

Answer 2

如果连续的时间戳不能以 UTC 时间表示，则此 Python 脚本可以将本地时间转换为 UTC：

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import sys
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
import pytz  # $ pip install pytz

tz = pytz.timezone('America/New_York' if len(sys.argv) < 2 else sys.argv[1])
previous = None #XXX set it from UTC time: `first_entry_utc.astimezone(tz)`
for line in sys.stdin: # read from stdin
    naive = datetime.strptime(line.strip(), "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S") # no timezone
    try:
        local = tz.localize(naive, is_dst=None) # attach timezone info
    except pytz.AmbiguousTimeError:
        # assume ambiguous time always corresponds to True -> False transition
        local = tz.localize(naive, is_dst=True)
        if previous >= local: # timestamps must be increasing
            local = tz.localize(naive, is_dst=False)
        assert previous < local
    #NOTE: allow NonExistentTimeError to propagate (there shouldn't be
    # invalid local times in the input)
    previous = local
    utc = local.astimezone(pytz.utc)
    timestamp = utc.timestamp()
    time_format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z%z"
    print("{local:{time_format}}; {utc:{time_format}}; {timestamp:.0f}"
          .format_map(vars()))

输入

2013/11/03 00:45:00
2013/11/03 01:00:00
2013/11/03 01:15:00
2013/11/03 01:30:00
2013/11/03 01:45:00
2013/11/03 01:00:00
2013/11/03 01:15:00
2013/11/03 01:30:00
2013/11/03 01:45:00
2013/11/03 02:00:00

输出

2013-11-03 00:45:00 EDT-0400; 2013-11-03 04:45:00 UTC+0000; 1383453900
2013-11-03 01:00:00 EDT-0400; 2013-11-03 05:00:00 UTC+0000; 1383454800
2013-11-03 01:15:00 EDT-0400; 2013-11-03 05:15:00 UTC+0000; 1383455700
2013-11-03 01:30:00 EDT-0400; 2013-11-03 05:30:00 UTC+0000; 1383456600
2013-11-03 01:45:00 EDT-0400; 2013-11-03 05:45:00 UTC+0000; 1383457500
2013-11-03 01:00:00 EST-0500; 2013-11-03 06:00:00 UTC+0000; 1383458400
2013-11-03 01:15:00 EST-0500; 2013-11-03 06:15:00 UTC+0000; 1383459300
2013-11-03 01:30:00 EST-0500; 2013-11-03 06:30:00 UTC+0000; 1383460200
2013-11-03 01:45:00 EST-0500; 2013-11-03 06:45:00 UTC+0000; 1383461100
2013-11-03 02:00:00 EST-0500; 2013-11-03 07:00:00 UTC+0000; 1383462000