使用一组方法和属性扩展独立类（包装器）

Question

我的目标是创建一个类，它使用一组功能扩展不同的类。 在下面的代码中，我能够创建问题的解决方案，但对我来说，这似乎不是解决问题的方法。

要求：
- 不能更改基类（猫、狗）。
- 具有附加功能的类（Pet_Dog、Pet_Cat）应该具有最少的代码量，因为我需要很多代码，只需进行微小的更改。
- 我需要能够导入 BaseClasses（Cat、Dog）以及增强类（Pet_Dog、Pet_Cat）。

到目前为止我的“解决方案”：

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, legs):
        self.legs = 4
        self.lives = 9

    def make_sound(self):
        print('Meow!')

class Dog:
    def __init__(self, legs):
        self.legs = 4
        self.hobby = 'Digging holes'

    def make_sound(self):
        print('Woof!')

    def chase_tail(self):
        print('Chasing tail')

def create_pet(BaseClass):
    class Pet(BaseClass):
        has_owner = True
        def __init__(self, name, legs):
            super().__init__(legs)
            self.name = name

        def plays_with_owner(self):
            print('playing with owner...')
    return Pet


class Pet_Dog(Dog):
    def __init__(self, BaseClass, name, legs):
        self.__class__ = create_pet(BaseClass)(name, legs).__class__
        self.__init__(name, legs)


class Pet_Cat(Cat):
    def __init__(self, BaseClass, name, legs):
        self.__class__ = create_pet(BaseClass)(name, legs).__class__
        self.__init__(name, legs)


print('Create Pet Dog')
pet_dog = Pet_Dog(Dog, 'Woofer', 4)
print('Dog Name:', pet_dog.name)
print('Dog Lives:', pet_dog.hobby)
print('Dog Owner:', pet_dog.has_owner)
pet_dog.make_sound()
pet_dog.chase_tail()
pet_dog.plays_with_owner()

Answer 1

在 Python 中，您可以拥有从多个其他类继承的类，因此我们可以创建一个 Cat 和 Dog 类，以及一个单独的 Pet 类。然后我们可以让Pet_Cat 和Pet_Dog 继承自Pet 和它们各自的动物，即：

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, legs):
        self.legs = legs
        self.lives = 9

    def make_sound(self):
        print('Meow!')

class Dog:
    def __init__(self, legs):
        self.legs = legs
        self.hobby = 'Digging holes'

    def make_sound(self):
        print('Woof!')

    def chase_tail(self):
        print('Chasing tail')

class Pet:
    has_owner = True
    name = None

    def plays_with_owner(self):
        print('playing with owner...')

class Pet_Dog(Dog, Pet):
    def __init__(self, name, legs):
        super().__init__(legs)
        self.name = name

class Pet_Cat(Cat, Pet):
    def __init__(self, name, legs):
        super().__init__(legs)
        self.name = name


print('Create Pet Dog')
pet_dog = Pet_Dog('Woofer', 4)
print('Dog Name:', pet_dog.name)
print('Dog Lives:', pet_dog.hobby)
print('Dog Owner:', pet_dog.has_owner)
pet_dog.make_sound()
pet_dog.chase_tail()
pet_dog.plays_with_owner()

输出：

Create Pet Dog
Dog Name: Woofer
Dog Lives: Digging holes
Dog Owner: True
Woof!
Chasing tail
playing with owner...

编辑：

如果您希望两者都具有 init 函数，请改用它：

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, legs):
        self.legs = legs
        self.lives = 9

    def make_sound(self):
        print('Meow!')

class Dog:
    def __init__(self, legs):
        self.legs = legs
        self.hobby = 'Digging holes'

    def make_sound(self):
        print('Woof!')

    def chase_tail(self):
        print('Chasing tail')

class Pet:
    def __init__(self):
        self.has_owner = True
        self.name = None

    def plays_with_owner(self):
        print('playing with owner...')

class Pet_Dog(Dog, Pet):
    def __init__(self, name, legs):
        Dog.__init__(self, legs)
        Pet.__init__(self)

        self.name = name

class Pet_Cat(Cat, Pet):
    def __init__(self, name, legs):
        Cat.__init__(self, legs)
        Pet.__init__(self)

        self.name = name

Answer 2

如果你真的想在这里使用继承，可以使用多重继承和协作super调用，避免无用的重复：

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, legs):
        self.legs = legs
        self.lives = 9


class Dog:
    def __init__(self, legs):
        self.legs = legs
        self.hobby = 'Digging holes'

class Pet:
    def __init__(self, name, *args, **kwargs):
        self.has_owner = True
        self.name = name
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def plays_with_owner(self):
        print('playing with owner...')


# Pet has to come before the "animal" class for the cooperative
# super() call to work

class PetCat(Pet, Cat):
    pass

class PetDog(Pet, Dog):
    pass

您甚至可以自动创建这些子类，但这不一定是一种改进：

def make_pet_class(name, base):
    return type.__new__(name, (Pet, base), {})

PetCat = make_pet_class("PetCat", Cat)

现在继承不一定是所有事情的最佳解决方案。继承主要是一种非常受限制的组合/委托形式，Python 使组合/委托变得非常容易：

class Pet:
    def __init__(self, name, animal):
        self._animal  = animal
        self.name = name
        self.has_owner = True

    def plays_with_owner(self):
        print('playing with owner...')

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        return getattr(self._animal, attr)


kitty = Pet("kitty", Cat(4))
pluto = Pet("pluto", Dog(4))