在 f2py 中使用 Fortran 回调函数时出错

【问题标题】：Errors when using a Fortran call back function in f2py在 f2py 中使用 Fortran 回调函数时出错
【发布时间】：2017-05-19 15:19:40
【问题描述】：

我正在用 Python 编写代码，该代码利用了 Fortran 90 优化算法。 这个想法是让 python 中的 MAIN 例程调用 Fortran 中的算法，该算法调用另一个 python 函数并传递一些参数以计算目标函数的值（即，它返回一个标量），如下所示：

[Python) MAIN  ⇒ [Fortran] BB_algo ⇒ [Python] FUNCT

此类问题应通过使用 python 中的 f2py 库来解决。 为了尝试使这种方法起作用，我编写了一些更简单的代码来进行类似的操作。

Fortran 子例程被称为writepy：

subroutine writepy(funct,n)
    implicit none
    real, EXTERNAL :: funct
      INTEGER :: I,n
      REAL*8  :: r
!f2py intent(in), n
!f2py intent(out), r
!f2py real y
!f2py y=funct(y)
      r = 1D0
      DO I=1,5
         write(*,*) 'funct:', funct(n)
         r = r + funct(n)
      ENDDO
    return
end

而Python中的代码如下：

import os
os.system("f2py -m wp  -c writepy.f90")
import wp

def funct(n):
    print(n);    
    return n

if __name__ == '__main__':
    n=3;    
    wp.writepy(funct,n)

Fortran 用 gfortran 编译得很好，但是当我尝试用 f2py 编译它时，似乎 Fortran 的 C 中的包装器出现了一些错误，但我现在真的不知道该怎么做。

我得到以下信息：

running build
running config_cc
unifing config_cc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --compiler options
running config_fc
unifing config_fc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --fcompiler options
running build_src
build_src
building extension "wp" sources
f2py options: []
f2py:> /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5
Reading fortran codes...
    Reading file 'writepy.f90' (format:free)
{'after': '(in), n', 'before': '', 'this': 'intent'}
Line #12 in writepy.f90:"      intent(in), n"
    analyzeline: no name pattern found in intent statement for ''. Skipping.
{'after': '(out), r', 'before': '', 'this': 'intent'}
Line #13 in writepy.f90:"      intent(out), r"
    analyzeline: no name pattern found in intent statement for ''. Skipping.
Post-processing...
    Block: wp
            Block: writepy
Post-processing (stage 2)...
Building modules...
    Building module "wp"...
        Constructing wrapper function "writepy"...
sign2map: Confused: external funct is not in lcb_map[].
append_needs: unknown need 'funct'
append_needs: unknown need 'funct'
          writepy(funct,n,[funct_extra_args])
    Wrote C/API module "wp" to file "/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c"
  adding '/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.c' to sources.
  adding '/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5' to include_dirs.
copying /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.c -> /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5
copying /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.h -> /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5
build_src: building npy-pkg config files
running build_ext
customize UnixCCompiler
customize UnixCCompiler using build_ext
customize Gnu95FCompiler
Found executable /usr/bin/gfortran
customize Gnu95FCompiler
customize Gnu95FCompiler using build_ext
building 'wp' extension
compiling C sources
C compiler: /usr/bin/clang -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/include -arch x86_64

creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders/4q
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5
compile options: '-I/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5 -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/include/python3.5m -c'
clang: /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.c
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.c:2:
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:18:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1788:
/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:15:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by "          "#defining NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " \
 ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.c:139:18: warning: comparison of integers of different signs: 'Py_ssize_t' (aka 'long') and 'unsigned long' [-Wsign-compare]
        if (size < sizeof(notalloc)) {
            ~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2 warnings generated.
clang: /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:18:
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:18:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1788:
/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:15:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by "          "#defining NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " \
 ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:277:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_typedef'
  funct_typedef funct_cptr;
  ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:293:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
  funct_cptr = F2PyCapsule_AsVoidPtr(funct_capi);
  ^~~~~~~~~~
  funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:273:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
  PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
            ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:295:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
  funct_cptr = funct;
  ^~~~~~~~~~
  funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:273:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
  PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
            ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:295:16: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct'
  funct_cptr = funct;
               ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:298:24: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
  funct_nofargs_capi = funct_nofargs;
                       ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:299:50: error: expected expression
  if (create_cb_arglist(funct_capi,funct_xa_capi,#maxnofargs#,#nofoptargs#,&funct_nofargs,&funct_args_capi,"failed in processing argument list for call-back funct.")) {
                                                 ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:313:22: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
        (*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n);
                     ^~~~~~~~~~
                     funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:273:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
  PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
            ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:313:22: warning: incompatible pointer types passing 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to parameter of type 'float *' [-Wincompatible-pointer-types]
        (*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n);
                     ^~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:332:16: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to itself [-Wself-assign]
    funct_capi = funct_capi;
    ~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:334:21: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyTupleObject *' to itself [-Wself-assign]
    funct_args_capi = funct_args_capi;
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:335:5: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
    funct_nofargs = funct_nofargs_capi;
    ^
4 warnings and 8 errors generated.
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:18:
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:18:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1788:
/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:15:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by "          "#defining NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " \
 ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:277:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_typedef'
  funct_typedef funct_cptr;
  ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:293:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
  funct_cptr = F2PyCapsule_AsVoidPtr(funct_capi);
  ^~~~~~~~~~
  funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:273:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
  PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
            ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:295:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
  funct_cptr = funct;
  ^~~~~~~~~~
  funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:273:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
  PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
            ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:295:16: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct'
  funct_cptr = funct;
               ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:298:24: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
  funct_nofargs_capi = funct_nofargs;
                       ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:299:50: error: expected expression
  if (create_cb_arglist(funct_capi,funct_xa_capi,#maxnofargs#,#nofoptargs#,&funct_nofargs,&funct_args_capi,"failed in processing argument list for call-back funct.")) {
                                                 ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:313:22: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
        (*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n);
                     ^~~~~~~~~~
                     funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:273:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
  PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
            ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:313:22: warning: incompatible pointer types passing 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to parameter of type 'float *' [-Wincompatible-pointer-types]
        (*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n);
                     ^~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:332:16: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to itself [-Wself-assign]
    funct_capi = funct_capi;
    ~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:334:21: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyTupleObject *' to itself [-Wself-assign]
    funct_args_capi = funct_args_capi;
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:335:5: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
    funct_nofargs = funct_nofargs_capi;
    ^
4 warnings and 8 errors generated.
error: Command "/usr/bin/clang -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/include -arch x86_64 -I/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5 -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/include/python3.5m -c /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c -o /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.o" failed with exit status 1

编辑

感谢@DavidW 的回答，代码现在可以工作了，但是如果我尝试从另一个函数调用 fortran 函数“writepy”，“使用未声明的标识符”的错误再次出现。

新的 Fortran 代码是 

subroutine writepy(funct,n,r)
    implicit none
    EXTERNAL :: funct
    REAL     :: funct
    INTEGER :: I,n
    intent(in):: n
    REAL*8  :: r
    intent(out) ::r
    r = 1D0
    DO I=1,5
        write(*,*) 'funct:', funct(I)
        r = r + funct(n)
    ENDDO
    return
end

subroutine call_writepy(funct,n,r)
    implicit none
    EXTERNAL :: funct
    REAL     :: funct
    INTEGER :: n
    intent(inout):: n
    REAL*8  :: r
    intent(inout) ::r
    call writepy(funct,n,r)
    return
end

它使用 GFortran 编译，但是当我将它与 Python 一起使用时，我得到：

/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:431:7: warning: variable 'return_value' is used uninitialized whenever 'if' condition is false [-Wsometimes-uninitialized]
  if (capi_j>capi_i)
      ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:446:10: note: uninitialized use occurs here
  return return_value;
         ^~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:431:3: note: remove the 'if' if its condition is always true
  if (capi_j>capi_i)
  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:363:21: note: initialize the variable 'return_value' to silence this warning
  float return_value;
                    ^
                     = 0.0
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:590:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_typedef'
  funct_typedef funct_cptr;
  ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:611:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
  funct_cptr = F2PyCapsule_AsVoidPtr(funct_capi);
  ^~~~~~~~~~
  funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:586:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
  PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
            ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:613:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
  funct_cptr = funct;
  ^~~~~~~~~~
  funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:586:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
  PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
            ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:613:16: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct'
  funct_cptr = funct;
               ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:616:24: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
  funct_nofargs_capi = funct_nofargs;
                       ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:617:50: error: expected expression
  if (create_cb_arglist(funct_capi,funct_xa_capi,#maxnofargs#,#nofoptargs#,&funct_nofargs,&funct_args_capi,"failed in processing argument list for call-back funct.")) {
                                                 ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:634:22: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
        (*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n,&r);
                     ^~~~~~~~~~
                     funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:586:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
  PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
            ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:634:22: warning: incompatible pointer types passing 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to parameter of type 'float *' [-Wincompatible-pointer-types]
        (*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n,&r);
                     ^~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:660:16: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to itself [-Wself-assign]
    funct_capi = funct_capi;
    ~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:662:21: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyTupleObject *' to itself [-Wself-assign]
    funct_args_capi = funct_args_capi;
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:663:5: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
    funct_nofargs = funct_nofargs_capi;
    ^
5 warnings and 8 errors generated.
routsign2map: Confused: function call_writepy has externals ['funct'] but no "use" statement.
sign2map: Confused: external funct is not in lcb_map[].
append_needs: unknown need 'funct'
append_needs: unknown need 'funct'
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:18:
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:18:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1788:
/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:15:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by "          "#defining NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " \
 ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:431:7: warning: variable 'return_value' is used uninitialized whenever 'if' condition is false [-Wsometimes-uninitialized]
  if (capi_j>capi_i)
      ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:446:10: note: uninitialized use occurs here
  return return_value;
         ^~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:431:3: note: remove the 'if' if its condition is always true
  if (capi_j>capi_i)
  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:363:21: note: initialize the variable 'return_value' to silence this warning
  float return_value;
                    ^
                     = 0.0
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:590:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_typedef'
  funct_typedef funct_cptr;
  ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:611:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
  funct_cptr = F2PyCapsule_AsVoidPtr(funct_capi);
  ^~~~~~~~~~
  funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:586:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
  PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
            ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:613:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
  funct_cptr = funct;
  ^~~~~~~~~~
  funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:586:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
  PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
            ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:613:16: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct'
  funct_cptr = funct;
               ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:616:24: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
  funct_nofargs_capi = funct_nofargs;
                       ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:617:50: error: expected expression
  if (create_cb_arglist(funct_capi,funct_xa_capi,#maxnofargs#,#nofoptargs#,&funct_nofargs,&funct_args_capi,"failed in processing argument list for call-back funct.")) {
                                                 ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:634:22: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
        (*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n,&r);
                     ^~~~~~~~~~
                     funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:586:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
  PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
            ^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:634:22: warning: incompatible pointer types passing 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to parameter of type 'float *' [-Wincompatible-pointer-types]
        (*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n,&r);
                     ^~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:660:16: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to itself [-Wself-assign]
    funct_capi = funct_capi;
    ~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:662:21: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyTupleObject *' to itself [-Wself-assign]
    funct_args_capi = funct_args_capi;
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:663:5: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
    funct_nofargs = funct_nofargs_capi;
    ^
5 warnings and 8 errors generated.
error: Command "/usr/bin/clang -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/include -arch x86_64 -I/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5 -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/include/python3.5m -c /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c -o /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.o" failed with exit status 1
256

【问题讨论】：

  • 这至少有一部分只是一个错字——你使用了逗号而不是:: - !f2py intent(in) :: n。我不知道这是否能解决你所有的错误
  • 不，输出没有改变

标签： python fortran f2py


【解决方案1】：

有一些小问题使其无法正常工作：

subroutine writepy(funct,n,r)

我已将r 添加到参数列表中。它没有这个就可以编译，但是没有办法让r回到Python，我认为这是你想要的基于intent(out)

    implicit none
    EXTERNAL :: funct
    REAL :: funct

我不得不将EXTERNAL 和REAL 放在不同的行上。我不确定为什么。这是你的主要问题。

  INTEGER :: I,n
  REAL*8  :: r
  intent(in) :: n
  intent(out) :: r

我已从意图行中删除了 !f2py。您应该让 Fortran 知道意图以及 f2py。 （代码在没有这种变化的情况下仍然可以编译，但这样更有意义）

然后我删除了您的 !f2py real y 和 !f2py y=funct(y) 行。我不知道他们想要达到什么目的，但我认为它们是无效的。

      r = 1D0
      DO I=1,5
          write(*,*) 'funct:', funct(n)
          r = r + funct(n)
      ENDDO
      return
end

其余不变。

【讨论】：

  • 是的，在这些更改之后它可以工作，但是如果我尝试从另一个 Fortran 函数调用该函数，错误再次出现。我添加了新的输出
  • 我认为这只是函数和子例程之间的区别（你call 子例程，而函数返回结果）。我认为 f2py 回调必须是一个函数，但您将其视为子例程。
【解决方案2】：

问题是由于编译器无法识别 Python 中的函数“funct”。为了让编译器知道这样的功能及其作用，需要修改 .pyf 文件。

自动生成的.pyf文件（使用命令f2py writepy.f90 -m wp -h wp.pyf）如下：

!    -*- f90 -*-
! Note: the context of this file is case sensitive.

python module __user__routines 
    interface writepy_user_interface 
        function funct(i) ! in :wp:writepy.f90:writepy:unknown_interface
            integer :: i
            real :: funct
        end function funct
    end interface writepy_user_interface
end python module __user__routines

python module wp ! in 
    interface  ! in :wp
        subroutine writepy(funct,n,r) ! in :wp:writepy.f90
            use writepy__user__routines
            external funct
            integer intent(in) :: n
            real*8 intent(out) :: r
        end subroutine writepy

        subroutine call_writepy(funct,n,r,q) ! in :wp:writepy.f90
            external funct
            integer intent(inout) :: n
            real*8 intent(out) :: r
            real*8 intent(out) :: q
        end subroutine call_writepy
    end interface 
end python module wp

! This file was auto-generated with f2py (version:2).
! See http://cens.ioc.ee/projects/f2py2e/

很容易注意到 f2py 在“__user__routines”模块中识别“funct”。然而，它不理解这样的函数在子例程“writepy”和“call_writepy”中都使用了。这是错误的根源。 因此，用户必须修改 .pyf 文件，在“funct”作为外部对象存在的所有子例程中添加命令“use __user__routines”：

!    -*- f90 -*-
! Note: the context of this file is case sensitive.


python module __user__routines
    interface
        function funct(i) 
            integer :: i
            real*8  :: r
        end function funct
    end interface
end python module __user__routines


python module wp ! in 
    interface  ! in :wp
        subroutine writepy(funct,n,r) ! in :wp:writepy.f90
            use __user__routines
            external funct
            integer intent(in) :: n
            real*8 intent(out) :: r
        end subroutine writepy

        subroutine call_writepy(funct,n,r)! in :wp:writepy.f90
            use __user__routines
            external funct
            integer intent(inout) :: n
            real*8 intent(out) :: r
            real*8 intent(out) :: q
        end subroutine call_writepy
    end interface 
end python module wp

! This file was auto-generated with f2py (version:2).
! See http://cens.ioc.ee/projects/f2py2e/

在 f2py 中编译 Fortran 代码时使用以下命令： f2py -c wp.pyf writepy.f90 告诉编译器明确使用编辑后的文件“wp.pyf”作为参考

【讨论】：

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