多次调用 requests_oauthlib 时出现 TypeError（实际上在 urllib3 中引发了错误）

Question

我正在编写一个脚本来从 Twitter API 中提取一些数据。它使用 OAuth 1.1 意味着我在 requests 之上使用 requests_oauthlib 帮助程序库来验证会话。

对 API 的第一次调用有效，但随后的调用会给出 TypeError，如下所示：

/Users/phil/code/Virtualenv/req_test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.pyc in __init__(self, *args, **kw)
124
125         # Superclass also sets self.source_address in Python 2.7+.
--> 126         _HTTPConnection.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
127
128     def _new_conn(self):

TypeError: unbound method __init__() must be called with HTTPConnection instance as first argument (got VerifiedHTTPSConnection instance instead)

看起来会话中存在一些问题，因为它总是在重复使用时出现错误。我已经尝试了一个干净的 virtualenv，它通过 pip 安装了最新版本，没有任何区别。

我正在使用上下文管理器方法，因此认为会话会在每次调用后被销毁，从而防止这种情况发生：

with ro.OAuth1Session(**self._auth) as s:
    response = s.get(url)

任何修复或指示以了解导致问题的原因将不胜感激。

编辑：我尝试了一种不同的方法，使用 requests 文档 (http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/user/authentication/) 中描述的另一种构建会话的方法，但出现了同样的错误。

编辑：完整堆栈以防万一：

/Users/phil/code/Virtualenv/req_test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/sessions.pyc in get(self, url, **kwargs) 485 486 kwargs.setdefault（'allow_redirects'，真） --> 487 return self.request('GET', url, **kwargs) 488 489 个默认选项（自我、网址、**kwargs）：

/Users/phil/code/Virtualenv/req_test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/sessions.pyc in request(self, method, url, params, data, headers, cookies, files, auth, timeout, allow_redirects, proxies, hooks, stream, verify, cert, json)
    473         }
    474         send_kwargs.update(settings)
--> 475         resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
    476
    477         return resp

/Users/phil/code/Virtualenv/req_test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/sessions.pyc in send(self, request, **kwargs)
    583
    584         # Send the request
--> 585         r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
    586
    587         # Total elapsed time of the request (approximately)

/Users/phil/code/Virtualenv/req_test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/adapters.pyc in send(self, request, stream, timeout, verify, cert, proxies)
    401                     decode_content=False,
    402                     retries=self.max_retries,
--> 403                     timeout=timeout
    404                 )
    405

/Users/phil/code/Virtualenv/req_test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.pyc in urlopen(self, method, url, body, headers, retries, redirect, assert_same_host, timeout, pool_timeout, release_conn, chunked, **response_kw)
    564             # Request a connection from the queue.
    565             timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
--> 566             conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    567
    568             conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout

/Users/phil/code/Virtualenv/req_test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.pyc in _get_conn(self, timeout)
    254                 conn = None
    255
--> 256         return conn or self._new_conn()
    257
    258     def _put_conn(self, conn):

/Users/phil/code/Virtualenv/req_test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.pyc in _new_conn(self)
    800         conn = self.ConnectionCls(host=actual_host, port=actual_port,
    801                                   timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
--> 802                                   strict=self.strict, **self.conn_kw)
    803
    804         return self._prepare_conn(conn)

/Users/phil/code/Virtualenv/req_test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.pyc in __init__(self, host, port, key_file, cert_file, strict, timeout, **kw)
    208
    209         HTTPConnection.__init__(self, host, port, strict=strict,
--> 210                                 timeout=timeout, **kw)
    211
    212         self.key_file = key_file

/Users/phil/code/Virtualenv/req_test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.pyc in __init__(self, *args, **kw)
    124
    125         # Superclass also sets self.source_address in Python 2.7+.
--> 126         _HTTPConnection.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
    127
    128     def _new_conn(self):

TypeError: unbound method __init__() must be called with HTTPConnection instance as first argument (got VerifiedHTTPSConnection instance instead)

Answer 1

OAuth1Session 的格式为：

oauth = OAuth1Session(client_key,
                      client_secret=client_secret,
                      resource_owner_key=resource_owner_key,
                      resource_owner_secret=resource_owner_secret,
                      verifier=verifier)

** 与关键字参数一起使用，OAuth1Session 有不同的签名

Answer 2

编辑：还添加了对在 IPython / Jupyter 中重新加载容器库的引用。

经过大量阅读后，当您在请求中调用 get 但不访问响应正文（这是我在构建/调试流程时所做的）时，似乎可能会出现问题：

http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/user/advanced/#keep-alive

"Note that connections are only released back to the pool for reuse once all body data has been read; be sure to either set stream to False or read the content property of the Response object."

所以答案是确保发出请求后的第一件事是通过调用Response.content、Response.json() 或类似方法刷新响应。

该问题仅在使用requests_oauthlib 库时出现，因为它使用的会话不太常见。通过使用不影响会话对象本身的查询参数，我对 Facebook 和 LinkedIn API 进行了类似操作。

在 IPython / Jupyter 中重新加载帮助程序库时也最常出现这种情况。退出笔记本或命令行会话然后重新启动将消除此问题。