Django 找到测试但无法导入它们

Question

我遇到了奇怪的错误，调用 ./manage.py test 会找到我的测试，但抱怨它们无法导入。

版本

Python 3.4

Django 1.7b4

我的文件结构

看起来像这样（只是相关位）：

inkasso
├── db.sqlite3
├── functional_tests
│   ├── base.py
│   ├── base.pyc
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── __init__.pyc
│   ├── __pycache__
│   ├── test_login.py
│   └── test_login.pyc
├── __init__.py
├── inkasso
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── __init__.pyc
│   ├── migrations
│   ├── models.py
│   ├── settings.py
│   ├── settings.pyc
│   ├── urls.py
│   └── wsgi.py
├── manage.py
├── static
│   ├── ...
├── templates
│   ├── ...
└── web
    ├── admins.py
    ├── tests
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   ├── test_forms.py
    │   ├── test_models.py
    │   └── test_views.py
    ├── urls.py
    └── views.py

堆栈跟踪

所以当我运行 ./manage.py test 时，我得到以下 stak-trace：

 $ ./manage.py test
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
EEEE
======================================================================
ERROR: inkasso.functional_tests.test_login (unittest.loader.ModuleImportFailure)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py", line 57, in testPartExecutor
    yield
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py", line 574, in run
    testMethod()
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/loader.py", line 32, in testFailure
    raise exception
ImportError: Failed to import test module: inkasso.functional_tests.test_login
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/loader.py", line 312, in _find_tests
    module = self._get_module_from_name(name)
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/loader.py", line 290, in _get_module_from_name
    __import__(name)
ImportError: No module named 'inkasso.functional_tests'


======================================================================
ERROR: inkasso.web.tests.test_forms (unittest.loader.ModuleImportFailure)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py", line 57, in testPartExecutor
    yield
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py", line 574, in run
    testMethod()
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/loader.py", line 32, in testFailure
    raise exception
ImportError: Failed to import test module: inkasso.web.tests.test_forms
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/loader.py", line 312, in _find_tests
    module = self._get_module_from_name(name)
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/loader.py", line 290, in _get_module_from_name
    __import__(name)
ImportError: No module named 'inkasso.web'


======================================================================
ERROR: inkasso.web.tests.test_models (unittest.loader.ModuleImportFailure)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py", line 57, in testPartExecutor
    yield
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py", line 574, in run
    testMethod()
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/loader.py", line 32, in testFailure
    raise exception
ImportError: Failed to import test module: inkasso.web.tests.test_models
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/loader.py", line 312, in _find_tests
    module = self._get_module_from_name(name)
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/loader.py", line 290, in _get_module_from_name
    __import__(name)
ImportError: No module named 'inkasso.web'


======================================================================
ERROR: inkasso.web.tests.test_views (unittest.loader.ModuleImportFailure)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py", line 57, in testPartExecutor
    yield
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/case.py", line 574, in run
    testMethod()
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/loader.py", line 32, in testFailure
    raise exception
ImportError: Failed to import test module: inkasso.web.tests.test_views
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/loader.py", line 312, in _find_tests
    module = self._get_module_from_name(name)
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/unittest/loader.py", line 290, in _get_module_from_name
    __import__(name)
ImportError: No module named 'inkasso.web'


----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 4 tests in 0.001s

FAILED (errors=4)
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...

所以测试运行器找到了我的测试，但由于某种原因，它们没有被导入。我不知道这是怎么回事。堆栈跟踪对我不是很有帮助:(

由于根文件夹名为inkasso，并且它有一个同名模块，我尝试将print(os.getcwd)和print(sys.path)放入manage.py，结果显示CWD和路径都设置为指向根文件夹，所以应该没问题，不是吗？应用程序本身按预期运行。只有测试不起作用。

为了傻笑，我尝试在 inkasso.inkasso 中创建一个空模块“web”，结果不是抱怨 inkasso.web 不存在，而是现在抱怨 inkasso.web.tests 不存在。所以这表明它不是在根“inkasso”文件夹中查找，而是在“inkasso.inkasso”中查找。所以这就是问题所在。我该如何解决？

Answer 1

是的...运行 ./manage.py 时出现问题，因为它将当前目录添加到 PYTHONPATH。

当您将__init__.py 放入根文件夹时会发生此问题。

在这种情况下，一个解决方案是永远不要使用manage.py，而只使用django-admin.py <commands> --settings=inkasso.inkasso.settings - 当然，这假设在运行此命令时，您在根文件夹@987654325 之外处于上一级@，或者你的主包安装在site-packages。

例如，如果您的settings.py 文件的完整路径是/home/user/projects/inkasso/inkasso/settings.py，则运行此命令时您需要在/home/user/projects。

但是，如果您已将软件包安装在站点软件包中，则上述限制会发生变化：您可以在除/home/user/projects/inkasso 或其任何子文件夹等之外的任何地方。

另一种解决方案是编辑您的 manage.py 文件以添加此行：

if __name__ =='__main__': #line already present
    #this will make the python interpreter see your packages as inkasso.inkasso.whatever
    os.chdir('..')  # <<<---This is what you want to add

    os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "mvod.dev_settings")
    ....