沿具有字符串刻度的 x 轴替换 pyplot 条

Question

因此，在此图表上： 我希望“Margem EBITDA”栏与其他两个相互重叠的栏并排。我做了一些研究，大多数答案都建议用数字代替它，但由于我的 x-ticks 是字符串，我必须用一个完整的解决方法来绘制数字然后替换刻度，我真的不想这样做。代码如下：

meses=['Fevereiro/21', 'Março/21', 'Abril/21']
faturamentor=[498899.40, 623122.74, 653200.18]
faturamento=[499, 623, 653]
gasto=[65, 130, 188]
margem=[84.7, 76.6, 69.5]

locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'pt_BR.UTF-8')

seaborn.set()
seaborn.set_style("white")

plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (19,10)
plt.rcParams["font.family"] = "Calibri"
plt.rc('font', size=14) 
plt.rc('axes', labelsize=20)
plt.rc('xtick', labelsize=15)
plt.rc('ytick', labelsize=15)
plt.rc('legend', fontsize=15)

ax = plt.subplot(111)
ax.bar(meses, faturamento, width=0.3, color='#434343', align='center', label='Faturamento líquido')
ax.bar(meses, gasto, width=0.3, color='#999999', align='center', label='Gasto em anúncios')
ax.grid(axis='y')
ax.set_ylabel('Valor (milhares de reais)')

for i in range(len(faturamento)):
    plt.annotate(xy=(i, faturamento[i]+10), text=f'R${faturamentor[i]:n}', ha='center', va='center', color='#434343')

plt.legend()
plt.xlabel('Mês')
plt.ylim(0, faturamento[-1]+(0.1*faturamento[-1]))

ax2 = ax.twinx()
ax2.set_ylabel('Margem EBITDA (%)')
ax2.bar(meses, margem, label="Margem EBITDA", color='#cccccc', width=0.1)
ax2.tick_params(axis='y', labelcolor='k')
ax2.set_ylim(20, 92)
ax2.set_yticks([20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90])

plt.legend()
fig1 = plt.gcf()
plt.show()

感谢您的帮助！ 编辑：当我们这样做的时候，我怎样才能让两个轴的标签出现在同一个盒子上？

Answer 1

您可以使用np.linspace 在条上分配可用空间。使用ax.get_legend_handles_labels()，您可以提取图例信息，并使用组合信息创建新图例：

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import seaborn

meses = ['Fevereiro/21', 'Março/21', 'Abril/21']
faturamentor = [498899.40, 623122.74, 653200.18]
faturamento = [499, 623, 653]
gasto = [65, 130, 188]
margem = [84.7, 76.6, 69.5]

seaborn.set()
seaborn.set_style("white")

plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (19, 10)
plt.rcParams["font.family"] = "Calibri"
plt.rc('font', size=14)
plt.rc('axes', labelsize=20)
plt.rc('xtick', labelsize=15)
plt.rc('ytick', labelsize=15)
plt.rc('legend', fontsize=15)

num_meses = len(meses)
num_bars = 3
tot_width = .8
dodge = np.linspace(-tot_width / 2, tot_width / 2, num_bars + 1)
width = dodge[1] - dodge[0]

ax = plt.subplot(111)
ax.set_xticks(np.arange(num_meses))
ax.set_xticklabels(meses)
ax.bar(np.arange(num_meses) + dodge[0], faturamento, width=width,
       color='#434343', align='edge', label='Faturamento líquido')
ax.bar(np.arange(num_meses) + dodge[1], gasto, width=width,
       color='#999999', align='edge', label='Gasto em anúncios')
ax.grid(axis='y')
ax.set_ylabel('Valor (milhares de reais)')

for xpos, faturamento_i in zip(np.arange(num_meses) + dodge[0], faturamento):
    ax.annotate(xy=(xpos+width/2, faturamento_i), text=f'R${faturamento_i:n}\n', ha='center', va='center', color='#434343')

ax.set_xlabel('Mês')
ax.set_ylim(0, faturamento[-1] + (0.1 * faturamento[-1]))

ax2 = ax.twinx()
ax2.set_ylabel('Margem EBITDA (%)')
ax2.bar(np.arange(num_meses) + dodge[2], margem, label="Margem EBITDA", color='#cccccc', width=width, align='edge')
ax2.tick_params(axis='y', labelcolor='k')
ax2.set_ylim(20, 92)
ax2.set_yticks([20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90])

handles1, labels1 = ax.get_legend_handles_labels()
handles2, labels2 = ax2.get_legend_handles_labels()
ax.legend(handles=handles1 + handles2, labels=labels1 + labels2)

plt.show()