无论您在下面选择哪个选项,SQLAlchemy 都会附带a big warning about the after_commit event(这是双向发送信号的时候)。
在调用after_commit() 事件时,Session 不在活动事务中,因此无法发出 SQL。
如果您的回调需要查询或提交到数据库,它可能会出现意想不到的问题。在这种情况下,您可以使用诸如Celery 之类的任务队列在后台线程(使用单独的会话)中执行此操作。无论如何,这可能是正确的方法,因为发送电子邮件需要很长时间,而且您不希望视图在它发生时等待返回。
Flask-SQLAlchemy provides a signal 你可以听它发送所有的插入/更新/删除操作。需要通过设置app.config["SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS"] = True 来启用它,因为跟踪修改的成本很高,并且在大多数情况下不需要。
然后监听信号:
from flask_sqlalchemy import models_committed
def notify_subscribers(app, changes):
new_posts = [target for target, op in changes if isinstance(target, Post) and op in ('insert', 'update')]
# notify about the new and updated posts
models_committed.connect(notify_subscribers, app)
app.config["SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS"] = True
您也可以自己实现(主要是通过从 Flask-SQLAlchemy 复制代码)。这有点棘手,因为模型更改发生在 flush 上,而不是 commit 上,因此您需要在刷新发生时记录所有更改,然后在提交后使用它们。
from sqlalchemy import event
class ModelChangeEvent(object):
def __init__(self, session, *callbacks):
self.model_changes = {}
self.callbacks = callbacks
event.listen(session, 'before_flush', self.record_ops)
event.listen(session, 'before_commit', self.record_ops)
event.listen(session, 'after_commit', self.after_commit)
event.listen(session, 'after_rollback', self.after_rollback)
def record_ops(self, session, flush_context=None, instances=None):
for targets, operation in ((session.new, 'insert'), (session.dirty, 'update'), (session.deleted, 'delete')):
for target in targets:
state = inspect(target)
key = state.identity_key if state.has_identity else id(target)
self.model_changes[key] = (target, operation)
def after_commit(self, session):
if self._model_changes:
changes = list(self.model_changes.values())
for callback in self.callbacks:
callback(changes=changes)
self.model_changes.clear()
def after_rollback(self, session):
self.model_changes.clear()
def notify_subscribers(changes):
new_posts = [target for target, op in changes if isinstance(target, Post) and op in ('insert', 'update')]
# notify about new and updated posts
# pass all the callbacks (if you have more than notify_subscribers)
mce = ModelChangeEvent(db.session, notify_subscribers)
# or you can append more callbacks
mce.callbacks.append(my_other_callback)