在 Python 中使用 NLTK 对单词进行标记的问题。返回单个字母而不是单词的列表

Question

我的 NLP python 程序遇到了一些问题，我正在尝试创建一个包含正面和负面推文的数据集，但是当我运行代码时，它只返回似乎被标记化的单个字母的数据。我是 Python 和 NLP 的新手，所以如果这是基本的，或者我解释得不好，我深表歉意。我在下面添加了我的代码：

import csv
import random
import re
import string
import mysql.connector
from nltk import FreqDist, classify, NaiveBayesClassifier
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
from nltk.stem.wordnet import WordNetLemmatizer
from nltk.tag import pos_tag
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize


def remove_noise(tweet_tokens, stop_words=()):
    cleaned_tokens = []
    for token, tag in pos_tag(tweet_tokens):
        token = re.sub('http[s]?://(?:[a-zA-Z]|[0-9]|[$-_@.&+#]|[!*\(\),]|' \
                  '(?:%[0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F]))+', '', token)
        token = re.sub("(@[A-Za-z0-9_]+)", "", token)

        if tag.startswith("NN"):
            pos = 'n'
        elif tag.startswith('VB'):
            pos = 'v'
        else:
            pos = 'a'

        lemmatizer = WordNetLemmatizer()
        token = lemmatizer.lemmatize(token, pos)

        if len(token) > 0 and token not in string.punctuation and token.lower() not in stop_words:
            cleaned_tokens.append(token.lower())
    print(token)
    return cleaned_tokens


def get_all_words(cleaned_tokens_list):
    for tokens in cleaned_tokens_list:
        for token in tokens:
            yield token


def get_tweets_for_model(cleaned_tokens_list):
    for tweet_tokens in cleaned_tokens_list:
        yield dict([token, True] for token in tweet_tokens)


if __name__ == "__main__":


with open('positive_tweets.csv') as csv_file:
    positive_tweets = csv.reader(csv_file, delimiter=',')
with open('negative_tweets.csv') as csv_file:
    negative_tweets = csv.reader(csv_file, delimiter=',')

stop_words = stopwords.words('english')

positive_tweet_tokens = word_tokenize(positive_tweets)
negative_tweet_tokens = word_tokenize(negative_tweets)

positive_cleaned_tokens_list = []
negative_cleaned_tokens_list = []

for tokens in positive_tweet_tokens:
    positive_cleaned_tokens_list.append(remove_noise(tokens, stop_words))

for tokens in negative_tweet_tokens:
    negative_cleaned_tokens_list.append(remove_noise(tokens, stop_words))

all_pos_words = get_all_words(positive_cleaned_tokens_list)
all_neg_words = get_all_words(negative_cleaned_tokens_list)

freq_dist_pos = FreqDist(all_pos_words)
freq_dist_neg = FreqDist(all_neg_words)
print(freq_dist_pos.most_common(10))
print(freq_dist_neg.most_common(10))

positive_tokens_for_model = get_tweets_for_model(positive_cleaned_tokens_list)
negative_tokens_for_model = get_tweets_for_model(negative_cleaned_tokens_list)

positive_dataset = [(tweet_dict, 'positive')
                    for tweet_dict in positive_tokens_for_model]

negative_dataset = [(tweet_dict, 'negative')
                    for tweet_dict in negative_tokens_for_model]

dataset = positive_dataset + negative_dataset

random.shuffle(dataset)

train_data = dataset[:7000]
test_data = dataset[7000:]

classifier = NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_data)

print("Accuracy is:", classify.accuracy(classifier, test_data))

来自 CSV 文件的 sn-p 供参考：

    "tweetid","username","created_at","tweet","location","place","classification"
"1285666943073161216","MeFixerr","2020-07-21 20:04:20+00:00","Overwhelmed by all the calls, msgs and tweets. I apologize for getting lost without prior notice. Did not expect to be missed with such fervor. 
I am good & taking a break. Lots of love and dua's for everyone of you in #PTIFamily ❤","Pakistan, Quetta",,"positive"

Answer 1

您的令牌来自文件名 ('positive_tweets.csv')，而不是文件中的数据。添加如下打印语句。你会看到问题。

positive_tweet_tokens = word_tokenize(positive_tweets)
negative_tweet_tokens = word_tokenize(negative_tweets)
print("tokens=", positive_tweet_tokens)  # add this line

完整脚本的输出

tokens= ['positive_tweets.csv']
v
v
[('e', 3), ('v', 2), ('p', 1), ('w', 1), ('c', 1)]
[('e', 4), ('v', 2), ('n', 1), ('g', 1), ('w', 1), ('c', 1)]
Accuracy is: 0

关于第二个错误，替换这个

with open('positive_tweets.csv') as csv_file:
    positive_tweets = csv.reader(csv_file, delimiter=',')
with open('negative_tweets.csv') as csv_file:
    negative_tweets = csv.reader(csv_file, delimiter=',')

有了这个

positive_tweets = negative_tweets = ""

with open('positive_tweets.csv') as csv_file:
    positive_tweets_rdr = csv.reader(csv_file, delimiter=',')
    all = list(positive_tweets_rdr)
    for lst in all[1:]: positive_tweets += ' ' + lst[3] #tweet column
    
with open('negative_tweets.csv') as csv_file:
    negative_tweets_rdr = csv.reader(csv_file, delimiter=',')
    all = list(negative_tweets_rdr)
    for lst in all[1:]: negative_tweets += ' ' + lst[3] #tweet column

Answer 2

您提供的示例代码存在几个问题：

• nltk 的 word_tokenize 采用字符串，而您提供的是惰性 csv 生成器。您可能想在 CSV 每一行的其中一个字段上调用 ​​word_tokenize
• 您的 with 语句会在您从 csv 文件中读取任何数据之前关闭它

你想要这样的东西（重复负面推文）

with open('positive_tweets.csv') as csv_file:
    positive_tweets = csv.reader(csv_file, delimiter=',')
    positive_tweet_tokens = [word_tokenize(t[3]) for t in positive_tweets]

PS 请同时确保 CSV 文件格式正确。在上面的示例中，我天真地切出了每行的第 4 个字段，它可能不存在。你需要一些错误处理