/usr/bin/ld: 错误: 找不到 -lboost_unit_test_framework

Question

这个标题已经问了很多问题，但我没有找到适合我的答案...

我有以下代码：

#define BOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK
#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE Hello
#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>

int add(int i, int j)
{
    return i + j;
}

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(universeInOrder)
{
    BOOST_CHECK(add(2, 2) == 4);
}

我编译：

g++ -ohello -lboost_unit_test_framework hello.cpp

我得到的错误：

g++ -ohello -lboost_unit_test_framework hello.cpp
/usr/bin/ld: error: cannot find -lboost_unit_test_framework
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function init_unit_test(): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite()'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function main: error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::unit_test_main(bool (*)(), int, char**)'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function universeInOrder::test_method(): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t::set_checkpoint(boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>, unsigned long, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>)'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function universeInOrder::test_method(): error: undefined reference to 'boost::test_tools::tt_detail::check_impl(boost::test_tools::predicate_result const&, boost::unit_test::lazy_ostream const&, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>, unsigned long, boost::test_tools::tt_detail::tool_level, boost::test_tools::tt_detail::check_type, unsigned long, ...)'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::ut_detail::auto_test_unit_registrar::auto_test_unit_registrar(boost::unit_test::test_case*, unsigned long)'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t::unit_test_log_t(): error: undefined reference to 'vtable for boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::make_test_case(boost::unit_test::callback0<boost::unit_test::ut_detail::unused> const&, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::ut_detail::normalize_test_case_name(boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>)'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::make_test_case(boost::unit_test::callback0<boost::unit_test::ut_detail::unused> const&, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::test_case::test_case(boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>, boost::unit_test::callback0<boost::unit_test::ut_detail::unused> const&)'
/tmp/ccI94F8l.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t::~unit_test_log_t(): error: undefined reference to 'vtable for boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

简单的例子来自http://www.alittlemadness.com/2009/03/31/c-unit-testing-with-boosttest/ 我也在另一个大项目中遇到这个问题，在其他机器上运行良好......我的机器配置一定有问题，但我不知道是什么（或如何调试！）。

我已经做过的一些事情：

检查 libc.conf：

$ cat /etc/ld.so.conf.d/libc.conf
# libc default configuration
/usr/local/lib

检查是否可以以用户身份读取 boost 文件：

$ test -r /usr/local/lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.a && echo ok
ok

$ ll /usr/local/lib/libboost_program_options.a
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.2M May 22  2013 /usr/local/lib/libboost_program_options.a

运行 ldconfig？

sudo ldconfig

g++ -Wl,--verbose -o hello hello.cpp -lboost_unit_test_framework

/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/crtbegin.o succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /tmp/ccOe343V.o succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/crtend.o succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../../lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../../lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /lib/../lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /lib/../lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/../lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/../lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //usr/lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open //usr/lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: error: cannot find -lboost_unit_test_framework
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libstdc++.so succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libm.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libm.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libgcc_s.so succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libgcc.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libgcc.a succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libc.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libc.a failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc_nonshared.a succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libgcc_s.so succeeded
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libgcc.so failed
/usr/bin/ld: Attempt to open /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/libgcc.a succeeded
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function init_unit_test(): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite()'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function main: error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::unit_test_main(bool (*)(), int, char**)'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function universeInOrder::test_method(): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t::set_checkpoint(boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>, unsigned long, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>)'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function universeInOrder::test_method(): error: undefined reference to 'boost::test_tools::tt_detail::check_impl(boost::test_tools::predicate_result const&, boost::unit_test::lazy_ostream const&, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>, unsigned long, boost::test_tools::tt_detail::tool_level, boost::test_tools::tt_detail::check_type, unsigned long, ...)'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::ut_detail::auto_test_unit_registrar::auto_test_unit_registrar(boost::unit_test::test_case*, unsigned long)'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t::unit_test_log_t(): error: undefined reference to 'vtable for boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::make_test_case(boost::unit_test::callback0<boost::unit_test::ut_detail::unused> const&, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::ut_detail::normalize_test_case_name(boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>)'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::make_test_case(boost::unit_test::callback0<boost::unit_test::ut_detail::unused> const&, boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>): error: undefined reference to 'boost::unit_test::test_case::test_case(boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const>, boost::unit_test::callback0<boost::unit_test::ut_detail::unused> const&)'
/tmp/ccOe343V.o:hello.cpp:function boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t::~unit_test_log_t(): error: undefined reference to 'vtable for boost::unit_test::unit_test_log_t'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

Answer 1

我的机器配置一定有问题，但我不知道是什么（或如何调试它！）

试试，

g++ -Wl,--verbose -o hello hello.cpp -lboost_unit_test_framework

并查找以下行：attempt to open ... boost_unit_test_framework。它会让您更好地了解链接器用来尝试定位相关静态或动态库的搜索路径。

Answer 2

我不知道您的确切设置（例如环境变量、是否同时存在共享/静态库等），所以我给出了我认为可能的各种选项。希望这能解决您的问题，并让我知道一切都失败了。

• 运行$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH。这指定使用/usr/local/bin，这通常被忽略。

• 运行$ g++ -ohello /usr/local/lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.a hello.cpp。这指定了确切的库位置。

• 运行$ g++ -ohello -Wl,-Bstatic -lboost_unit_test_framework hello.cpp。这指定使用静态库，而不是动态库。

• 指定使用静态库。我认为 boost 有#define 。