为什么bmp头有那些参数
位图中的像素数据本质上是一维字节数组。如果没有显示宽度、高度、位数和其他有关位图信息的标题信息,就不可能解释此数据。
有不同类型的位图,包括不同的调色板格式和非调色板 16、24 或 32 位,以及其中一些组中的不同类型。
标头还包括由于历史原因而存在的其他信息。这对学习C没什么价值,你只能接受它。
头信息在BITMAPFILEHEADER和BITMAPINFO两个结构体中,因为结构体要打包,所以稍微复杂一些。
像素数据取决于位图格式。没有前面提到的单一位图格式。下面的示例显示了一个 24 位位图。
其他奇怪的是每行的宽度应该始终是 4 字节的倍数。这称为填充。位图行也从底部开始,而不是从顶部开始。这在其他resources中有解释
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
int main(void)
{
//width, height, and bitcount are the key factors:
int32_t width = 2;
int32_t height = 2;
uint16_t bitcount = 24;//<- 24-bit bitmap
//take padding in to account
int width_in_bytes = ((width * bitcount + 31) / 32) * 4;
//total image size in bytes, not including header
uint32_t imagesize = width_in_bytes * height;
//this value is always 40, it's the sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER)
const uint32_t biSize = 40;
//bitmap bits start after headerfile,
//this is sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER) + sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER)
const uint32_t bfOffBits = 54;
//total file size:
uint32_t filesize = 54 + imagesize;
//number of planes is usually 1
const uint16_t biPlanes = 1;
//create header:
//copy to buffer instead of BITMAPFILEHEADER and BITMAPINFOHEADER
//to avoid problems with structure packing
unsigned char header[54] = { 0 };
memcpy(header, "BM", 2);
memcpy(header + 2 , &filesize, 4);
memcpy(header + 10, &bfOffBits, 4);
memcpy(header + 14, &biSize, 4);
memcpy(header + 18, &width, 4);
memcpy(header + 22, &height, 4);
memcpy(header + 26, &biPlanes, 2);
memcpy(header + 28, &bitcount, 2);
memcpy(header + 34, &imagesize, 4);
//prepare pixel data:
unsigned char* buf = malloc(imagesize);
for(int row = height - 1; row >= 0; row--)
{
for(int col = 0; col < width; col++)
{
buf[row * width_in_bytes + col * 3 + 0] = 255;//blue
buf[row * width_in_bytes + col * 3 + 1] = 0;//green
buf[row * width_in_bytes + col * 3 + 2] = 0;//red
}
}
FILE *fout = fopen("test.bmp", "wb");
fwrite(header, 1, 54, fout);
fwrite((char*)buf, 1, imagesize, fout);
fclose(fout);
free(buf);
return 0;
}
您可以使用结构重写此代码。在这个代码结构中包含#pragma pack(push, 1),这是依赖于编译器的。如果#pragma 指令有效,请使用此版本。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#pragma pack(push, 1)
struct my_BITMAPFILEHEADER {
uint16_t bfType;
uint32_t bfSize;
uint16_t bfReserved1;
uint16_t bfReserved2;
uint32_t bfOffBits;
};
struct my_BITMAPINFOHEADER {
uint32_t biSize;
int32_t biWidth;
int32_t biHeight;
uint16_t biPlanes;
uint16_t biBitCount;
uint32_t biCompression;
uint32_t biSizeImage;
int32_t biXPelsPerMeter;
int32_t biYPelsPerMeter;
uint32_t biClrUsed;
uint32_t biClrImportant;
};
#pragma pack(pop)
int main(void)
{
if(sizeof(struct my_BITMAPFILEHEADER) != 14 &&
sizeof(struct my_BITMAPINFOHEADER) != 40)
{
printf("bitmap structures not packed properly\n");
return 0;
}
//only width and height can be changed in this code:
int width = 2;
int height = 2;
int bitcount = 24;//<- 24-bit bitmap
int width_in_bytes = ((width * bitcount + 31) / 32) * 4; //for padding
uint32_t imagesize = width_in_bytes * height; //total image size
struct my_BITMAPFILEHEADER filehdr = { 0 };
struct my_BITMAPINFOHEADER infohdr = { 0 };
memcpy(&filehdr, "BM", 2);//bitmap signature
filehdr.bfSize = 54 + imagesize;//total file size
filehdr.bfOffBits = 54; //sizeof(filehdr) + sizeof(infohdr)
infohdr.biSize = 40; //sizeof(infohdr)
infohdr.biPlanes = 1; //number of planes is usually 1
infohdr.biWidth = width;
infohdr.biHeight = height;
infohdr.biBitCount = bitcount;
infohdr.biSizeImage = imagesize;
//prepare pixel data:
unsigned char* buf = malloc(imagesize);
for(int row = height - 1; row >= 0; row--)
{
for(int col = 0; col < width; col++)
{
buf[row * width_in_bytes + col * 3 + 0] = 255;//blue
buf[row * width_in_bytes + col * 3 + 1] = 0;//red
buf[row * width_in_bytes + col * 3 + 2] = 0;//green
}
}
FILE *fout = fopen("test.bmp", "wb");
fwrite(&filehdr, sizeof(filehdr), 1, fout);
fwrite(&infohdr, sizeof(infohdr), 1, fout);
fwrite((char*)buf, 1, imagesize, fout);
fclose(fout);
free(buf);
return 0;
}
第一个版本使用unsigned char header[54] 来实现相同的目的。查看每个数据的大小及其在内存中的相对位置。该结构长 14 个字节。 bfType 从 0 开始,长度为 2 个字节(16 位)。 bfSize 从位置 2 开始,长度为 4 个字节...
struct my_BITMAPFILEHEADER {
uint16_t bfType; //starts at 0, 2 bytes long
uint32_t bfSize; //starts at 2, 4 bytes long
uint16_t bfReserved1; //starts at 6, 2 bytes long
uint16_t bfReserved2; //starts at 8, 2 bytes long
uint32_t bfOffBits; //starts at 10, 4 bytes long
};
然后你有下一个 40 字节长的结构:
struct my_BITMAPINFOHEADER {
uint32_t biSize;//starts at 14
int32_t biWidth;//starts at 18
int32_t biHeight;//starts at 22
uint16_t biPlanes;//starts at 26
uint16_t biBitCount;//starts at 28
uint32_t biCompression;//starts at 30
uint32_t biSizeImage;//starts at 34
int32_t biXPelsPerMeter;
int32_t biYPelsPerMeter;
uint32_t biClrUsed;
uint32_t biClrImportant;
};
biSize 从 0 开始。但之前的结构是 14 字节。所以biSzie 从14 开始。这应该会揭示以前版本中用于将整数复制到 header 的数字的奥秘