我已经用 Python 编写了自己的倒计时求解器。
这是代码；它也可以在GitHub：
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import sys
from itertools import combinations, product, zip_longest
from functools import lru_cache
assert sys.version_info >= (3, 6)
class Solutions:
def __init__(self, numbers):
self.all_numbers = numbers
self.size = len(numbers)
self.all_groups = self.unique_groups()
def unique_groups(self):
all_groups = {}
all_numbers, size = self.all_numbers, self.size
for m in range(1, size+1):
for numbers in combinations(all_numbers, m):
if numbers in all_groups:
continue
all_groups[numbers] = Group(numbers, all_groups)
return all_groups
def walk(self):
for group in self.all_groups.values():
yield from group.calculations
class Group:
def __init__(self, numbers, all_groups):
self.numbers = numbers
self.size = len(numbers)
self.partitions = list(self.partition_into_unique_pairs(all_groups))
self.calculations = list(self.perform_calculations())
def __repr__(self):
return str(self.numbers)
def partition_into_unique_pairs(self, all_groups):
# The pairs are unordered: a pair (a, b) is equivalent to (b, a).
# Therefore, for pairs of equal length only half of all combinations
# need to be generated to obtain all pairs; this is set by the limit.
if self.size == 1:
return
numbers, size = self.numbers, self.size
limits = (self.halfbinom(size, size//2), )
unique_numbers = set()
for m, limit in zip_longest(range((size+1)//2, size), limits):
for numbers1, numbers2 in self.paired_combinations(numbers, m, limit):
if numbers1 in unique_numbers:
continue
unique_numbers.add(numbers1)
group1, group2 = all_groups[numbers1], all_groups[numbers2]
yield (group1, group2)
def perform_calculations(self):
if self.size == 1:
yield Calculation.singleton(self.numbers[0])
return
for group1, group2 in self.partitions:
for calc1, calc2 in product(group1.calculations, group2.calculations):
yield from Calculation.generate(calc1, calc2)
@classmethod
def paired_combinations(cls, numbers, m, limit):
for cnt, numbers1 in enumerate(combinations(numbers, m), 1):
numbers2 = tuple(cls.filtering(numbers, numbers1))
yield (numbers1, numbers2)
if cnt == limit:
return
@staticmethod
def filtering(iterable, elements):
# filter elements out of an iterable, return the remaining elements
elems = iter(elements)
k = next(elems, None)
for n in iterable:
if n == k:
k = next(elems, None)
else:
yield n
@staticmethod
@lru_cache()
def halfbinom(n, k):
if n % 2 == 1:
return None
prod = 1
for m, l in zip(reversed(range(n+1-k, n+1)), range(1, k+1)):
prod = (prod*m)//l
return prod//2
class Calculation:
def __init__(self, expression, result, is_singleton=False):
self.expr = expression
self.result = result
self.is_singleton = is_singleton
def __repr__(self):
return self.expr
@classmethod
def singleton(cls, n):
return cls(f"{n}", n, is_singleton=True)
@classmethod
def generate(cls, calca, calcb):
if calca.result < calcb.result:
calca, calcb = calcb, calca
for result, op in cls.operations(calca.result, calcb.result):
expr1 = f"{calca.expr}" if calca.is_singleton else f"({calca.expr})"
expr2 = f"{calcb.expr}" if calcb.is_singleton else f"({calcb.expr})"
yield cls(f"{expr1} {op} {expr2}", result)
@staticmethod
def operations(x, y):
yield (x + y, '+')
if x > y: # exclude non-positive results
yield (x - y, '-')
if y > 1 and x > 1: # exclude trivial results
yield (x * y, 'x')
if y > 1 and x % y == 0: # exclude trivial and non-integer results
yield (x // y, '/')
def countdown_solver():
# input: target and numbers. If you want to play with more or less than
# 6 numbers, use the second version of 'unsorted_numbers'.
try:
target = int(sys.argv[1])
unsorted_numbers = (int(sys.argv[n+2]) for n in range(6)) # for 6 numbers
# unsorted_numbers = (int(n) for n in sys.argv[2:]) # for any numbers
numbers = tuple(sorted(unsorted_numbers, reverse=True))
except (IndexError, ValueError):
print("You must provide a target and numbers!")
return
solutions = Solutions(numbers)
smallest_difference = target
bestresults = []
for calculation in solutions.walk():
diff = abs(calculation.result - target)
if diff <= smallest_difference:
if diff < smallest_difference:
bestresults = [calculation]
smallest_difference = diff
else:
bestresults.append(calculation)
output(target, smallest_difference, bestresults)
def output(target, diff, results):
print(f"\nThe closest results differ from {target} by {diff}. They are:\n")
for calculation in results:
print(f"{calculation.result} = {calculation.expr}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
countdown_solver()
算法的工作原理如下：
-
数字按降序放入长度为 6 的元组中。然后，创建所有长度为 1 到 6 的唯一子组，首先创建最小的组。
示例：(75, 50, 5, 9, 1, 1) -> {(75), (50), (9), (5), (1), (75, 50), (75, 9), (75, 5), ..., (75, 50, 9, 5, 1, 1)}。
-
接下来，这些组被组织成一个层次树：每个组都被划分为其非空子组的所有唯一无序对。
示例：(9, 5, 1, 1) -> [(9, 5, 1) + (1), (9, 1, 1) + (5), (5, 1, 1) + ( 9), (9, 5) + (1, 1), (9, 1) + (5, 1)]。
-
在每组数字中，都会执行计算并存储结果。对于长度为 1 的组，结果只是数字本身。对于较大的组，对每对子组进行计算：在每对子组中，使用 +、-、x 和 / 将第一个子组的所有结果与第二个子组的所有结果组合，并存储有效结果。
示例：(75, 5) 由 ((75), (5)) 对组成。 (75)的结果是75； (5)的结果是5； (75, 5) 的结果是 [75+5=80, 75-5=70, 75*5=375, 75/5=15]。
以这种方式，从最小的组到最大的组，所有结果都生成了。最后，算法遍历所有结果并选择与目标数字最接近的结果。
对于一组m个数，最大算术运算次数为
comps[m] = 4*sum(binom(m, k)*comps[k]*comps[m-k]//(1 + (2*k)//m) for k in range(1, m//2+1))
对于所有长度为 1 到 6 的组，则最大总计算次数为
total = sum(binom(n, m)*comps[m] for m in range(1, n+1))
这是 1144386。实际上，它会少得多，因为算法重用重复组的结果，忽略了琐碎的操作（加 0，乘以 1 等），并且因为游戏规则规定中间结果必须是正整数（这限制了除法运算符的使用）。