使用Boost.enable_if的解决方案:
#include <boost/utility/enable_if.hpp>
#include <boost/type_traits/is_base_of.hpp>
template<typename T>
typename boost::disable_if<
boost::is_base_of<TalkySerializable, T>,
TalkyBuffer &
>::type operator<<(T const & object) { // Template for non TalkySerializable
...
}
template <typename T>
typename boost::enable_if<
boost::is_base_of<TalkySerializable, T>,
TalkyBuffer &
>::type operator<<(T const & object); // Template overload for TalkySerializable
...
TalkyBuffer b;
A test;
b << test; // calls operator<< <A>(A const &), which instantiates
// the overload for TalkySerializable
b << 41; // calls operator<< <int>(int const &), which corresponds to
// the "default" overload
我不确定这是不是最好的解决方案,但我找不到更好的解决方案:专门化模板也不起作用。
正如@Matthieu 在评论中指出的那样,之前的解决方案的主要缺点是基础模板需要知道它将被重载,这是一种不必要的耦合,会阻碍可扩展性。
为了解决这个问题,我想出了一种使用tag dispatching 的新方法,以及使用Boost.MPL macros 的特征类和编译时自省。
// TalkyBuffer.hpp
#include <iostream>
#include <boost/utility/enable_if.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/has_xxx.hpp>
// defines a metafunction has_talky_buffer_tag<T> that allows us to know at
// compile-time if T has a member type named talky_buffer_tag
BOOST_MPL_HAS_XXX_TRAIT_DEF(talky_buffer_tag)
// tag for the default case
struct default_talky_buffer_tag {};
// trait class for obtaining the tag of a type
template <typename T, typename Enable = void >
struct talky_buffer_trait
{
typedef default_talky_buffer_tag type;
};
// specialization for types that provide a nested typedef
template <typename T>
struct talky_buffer_trait<T,
typename boost::enable_if<has_talky_buffer_tag<T> >::type>
{
typedef typename T::talky_buffer_tag type;
};
struct TalkyBuffer
{
// Insertion operator, which calls an implementation function that can
// be overloaded depending on the tag
template<typename T>
TalkyBuffer & operator<<(T const & object)
{
typename talky_buffer_trait<T>::type tag;
return insertionOperatorImpl(*this, object, tag);
}
};
// default implementation
template <typename T>
TalkyBuffer & insertionOperatorImpl(TalkyBuffer & buf, T const & object,
default_talky_buffer_tag)
{
std::cout << "default";
return buf;
}
//-------
// TalkySerializable.hpp
struct TalkySerializable
{
struct tag {};
typedef tag talky_buffer_tag;
};
// A inherits from the nested typedef
struct A : public TalkySerializable {};
// implementation for TalkySerializable objects
template <typename Serializable>
TalkyBuffer & insertionOperatorImpl(TalkyBuffer & buf, Serializable const & object,
TalkySerializable::tag)
{
std::cout << "specialized";
return buf;
}
//-------
int main()
{
TalkyBuffer b;
A test;
b << test; // outputs "specialized"
b << 41; // outputs "default"
}
要为给定类型T 提供插入运算符的新实现,需要提供一个新类型作为标记(在我们的示例中为TypeSerializable::tag),提供一种将T 与新标签(在示例中使用嵌套 typedef,或者通过特化 trait 类:template <> talky_buffer_trait<T> { typedef new_tag type };),最后重载实现函数(示例中为insertionOperatorImpl)。