【问题标题】:What benefits do I get from creating an instance of Comonad创建 Comonad 实例有什么好处
【发布时间】:2014-09-04 23:34:10
【问题描述】:

在我的应用程序中,我正在尝试实现一个动画系统。在这个系统中,动画被表示为一个循环的帧列表:

data CyclicList a = CL a [a]

我们可以(低效地)按如下方式推进动画:

advance :: CyclicList a -> CyclicList a
advance (CL x []) = CL x []
advance (CL x (z:zs)) = CL z (zs ++ [x])

现在,我很确定这种数据类型是共单数:

instance Functor CyclicList where
  fmap f (CL x xs) = CL (f x) (map f xs)

cyclicFromList :: [a] -> CyclicList a
cyclicFromList [] = error "Cyclic list must have one element!"
cyclicFromList (x:xs) = CL x xs

cyclicLength :: CyclicList a -> Int
cyclicLength (CL _ xs) = length xs + 1

listCycles :: CyclicList a -> [CyclicList a]
listCycles cl = let
  helper 0 _ = []
  helper n cl' = cl' : (helper (n-1) $ advance cl')
 in helper (cyclicLength cl) cl

instance Comonad CyclicList where
  extract (CL x _) = x
  duplicate = cyclicFromList . listCycles

我的问题是:我从使用 comonad 实例中获得了哪些好处(如果有的话)?

【问题讨论】:

标签: haskell comonad


【解决方案1】:

提供类型类或实现接口的优势在于,为使用该类型类或接口而编写的代码无需任何修改即可使用您的代码。

Comonad可以写什么程序? Comonad 提供了一种使用extract 检查当前位置的值(不观察其邻居)的方法,以及一种使用duplicateextend 观察每个位置的邻域的方法。如果没有任何附加功能,这并不是非常有用。但是,如果我们还需要其他函数以及 Comonad 实例,我们可以编写依赖于本地数据和来自其他地方的数据的程序。例如,如果我们需要允许我们更改位置的函数,例如您的advance,我们可以编写仅依赖于数据的本地结构而不依赖于数据结构本身的程序。

举一个具体的例子,考虑一个用Comonad 和以下Bidirectional 类编写的元胞自动机程序:

class Bidirectional c where
    forward  :: c a -> Maybe (c a)
    backward :: c a -> Maybe (c a)

程序可以将其与Comonad 一起用于extract 存储在单元格中的数据,并探索当前单元格的forwardbackward 单元格。它可以使用duplicate 捕获每个单元格的邻域,并使用fmap 来检查该邻域。这个fmap f . duplicate 的组合是extract f

这是一个这样的程序。 rule' 仅对示例感兴趣;它仅使用左右值在邻域上实现元胞自动机规则。 rule 从邻域中提取数据,给定类,并在每个邻域上运行规则。 slice 拉出更大的社区,以便我们可以轻松地展示它们。 simulate 运行模拟,显示每一代的这些较大的邻域。

rule' :: Word8 -> Bool -> Bool -> Bool -> Bool
rule' x l m r = testBit x ((if l then 4 else 0) .|. (if m then 2 else 0) .|. (if r then 1 else 0))

rule :: (Comonad w, Bidirectional w) => Word8 -> w Bool -> w Bool
rule x = extend go
    where
        go w = rule' x (maybe False extract . backward $ w) (extract w) (maybe False extract . forward $ w)

slice :: (Comonad w, Bidirectional w) => Int -> Int -> a -> w a -> [a]
slice l r a w = sliceL l w (extract w : sliceR r w)
    where
        sliceR r w | r > 0 = case (forward w) of
            Nothing -> take r (repeat a)
            Just w' -> extract w' : sliceR (r-1) w'
        sliceR _ _ = []
        sliceL l w r | l > 0 = case (backward w) of
            Nothing -> take l (repeat a) ++ r
            Just w' -> sliceL (l-1) w' (extract w':r)
        sliceL _ _ r = r

simulate :: (Comonad w, Bidirectional w) => (w Bool -> w Bool) -> Int -> Int -> Int -> w Bool -> IO ()
simulate f l r x w = mapM_ putStrLn . map (map (\x -> if x then '1' else '0') . slice l r False) . take x . iterate f $ w

此程序可能旨在与以下Bidirectional Comonad 一起使用,Zipper 在列表中。

data Zipper a = Zipper {
    heads :: [a],
    here  :: a,
    tail  :: [a]
} deriving Functor

instance Bidirectional Zipper where
    forward (Zipper _ _ []    ) = Nothing
    forward (Zipper l h (r:rs)) = Just $ Zipper (h:l) r rs
    backward (Zipper []     _ _) = Nothing
    backward (Zipper (l:ls) h r) = Just $ Zipper ls l (h:r)

instance Comonad Zipper where
    extract = here
    duplicate (Zipper l h r) = Zipper (goL (h:r) l) (Zipper l h r) (goR (h:l) r)
        where
            goL r []    = []
            goL r (h:l) = Zipper l h r : goL (h:r) l
            goR l []    = []
            goR l (h:r) = Zipper l h r : goR (h:l) r

但也可以使用 CyclicList Bidirectional Comonad

data CyclicList a = CL a (Seq a)
    deriving (Show, Eq, Functor)

instance Bidirectional CyclicList where
    forward (CL x xs) = Just $ case viewl xs of
        EmptyL    -> CL x xs
        x' :< xs' -> CL x' (xs' |> x)
    backward (CL x xs) = Just $ case viewr xs of
        EmptyR    -> CL x xs
        xs' :> x' -> CL x' (x <| xs')

instance Comonad CyclicList where
    extract   (CL x _) = x
    duplicate (CL x xs) = CL (CL x xs) (go (singleton x) xs)
        where
            go old new = case viewl new of
                EmptyL -> empty
                x' :< xs' -> CL x' (xs' >< old) <| go (old |> x') xs'

我们可以使用任一数据结构重用simulateCyclicList 有一个更有趣的输出,因为它不会撞到墙上,而是会绕回来与自己交互。

{-# LANGUAGE DeriveFunctor #-}

import Control.Comonad
import Data.Sequence hiding (take)
import Data.Bits
import Data.Word

main = do
    putStrLn "10 + 1 + 10 Zipper"
    simulate (rule 110) 10 10 30 $ Zipper (take 10 . repeat $ False) True (take 10 . repeat $ False)
    putStrLn "10 + 1 + 10 Cyclic"
    simulate (rule 110) 10 10 30 $ CL True (fromList (take 20 . repeat $ False))

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