我可以按类类型访问什么类型的集合，必要时找不到返回

Question

对于冗长的、可能令人困惑的标题，我会尽力澄清。所以情况就是这样，我有一个组件向量（自定义类）的元组。每个组件都有一个 id，它对应于它在元组中的相应向量中的索引。组件属于一个实体，所以我希望实体跟踪它拥有的组件的所有 id。当然，如果不知道它所属的组件类型，ID 将毫无意义，这样我就可以将它从元组中拉出来。所以我希望实体有一个集合，也许是一个std::unordered_map，通过它我可以提供一个类类型并获取适当的索引，或者一些数字（在本例中为SHRT_MAX）告诉我实体没有这样的组件。

这似乎可以使用枚举和 switch 语句，但似乎也没有必要遍历 switch 语句的每个分支来为元组的 get 函数提供正确的类，所以我想知道是否有更好的方法。

我提供了我的代码示例，其中包含我正在寻找的注释示例：

#include <tuple>
#include <vector>
#include <unordered_map>

class Component {
    unsigned short id;
};

class CameraComponent : public Component {

};

class VehicleComponent : public Component {

};

class Entity {
    //This is kind of the data structure I am thinking about so far
    //std::unordered_map<ComponentType, unsigned short> components
};

class EntityManager {
private:
    //This is the tuple I am talking about
    static std::tuple<std::vector<CameraComponent>, std::vector<VehicleComponent>> components;
public:
    //This is used to make accessing the tuple more convenient
    template<class T>
    static auto& Components();

    //This is kind of function I would like to be able to use
    template<class T>
    static T& GetComponentFromEntity(Entity& e);
};

//Initialize the static tuple
std::tuple<std::vector<CameraComponent>, std::vector<VehicleComponent>> EntityManager::components;

//This is used to make accessing the tuple more convenient
template<class T>
auto& EntityManager::Components()
{
    return std::get<std::vector<T>>(components);
}

//This is kind of function I would like to be able to use
template<class T>
T& EntityManager::GetComponentFromEntity(Entity& e) {
    //unorded_map<ComponentType, unsigned short>::iterator itr;
    //itr = e.components.find(T);
    //if(itr = e.components.end())
        //return SHRT_MAX;
    //return Components<T>()[itr];
}

int main() {
    return 0;
}

任何帮助将不胜感激（我还想强调，我并没有结婚使用 unordered_map，这只是我想到的第一件事）。提前致谢。

Answer 1

正如 Igor Tandetkik 所建议的，答案是使用unordered_map 和std::type_index，方法类似于以下：

#include <tuple>
#include <vector>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <typeindex>
#include<iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::getchar;

class Component {
public:
    unsigned short id = SHRT_MAX;
};

class CameraComponent : public Component {
};

class VehicleComponent : public Component {
};

class Entity {
public:
    std::unordered_map<std::type_index, unsigned short> components;
};

class EntityManager {
private:
    //This is the tuple I am talking about
    static std::tuple<std::vector<CameraComponent>, std::vector<VehicleComponent>> components;
public:
    //This is used to make accessing the tuple more convenient
    template<class T>
    static auto& Components();

    //This is what I want
    template<class T>
    static T* GetComponentFromEntity(Entity& e);
};
//Initialize the static tuple
std::tuple<std::vector<CameraComponent>, std::vector<VehicleComponent>> EntityManager::components;

//This is used to make accessing the tuple more convenient
template<class T>
auto& EntityManager::Components()
{
    return std::get<std::vector<T>>(components);
}

template<class T>
T* EntityManager::GetComponentFromEntity(Entity& e) {
    std::unordered_map<std::type_index, unsigned short>::iterator itr;
    itr = e.components.find(typeid(T));
    if(itr == e.components.end())
        return nullptr;
    return &Components<T>()[itr->second];
}

int main() {
    Entity e;
    VehicleComponent v;
    v.id = EntityManager::Components<VehicleComponent>().size();
    EntityManager::Components<VehicleComponent>().push_back(v);
    e.components.insert(std::make_pair<std::type_index, unsigned short>(typeid(VehicleComponent), 0));
    cout << EntityManager::GetComponentFromEntity<VehicleComponent>(e)->id;
    getchar();
    return 0;
}

再次感谢 Igor Tandetnik！