OpenGL / GLUT - 大量未定义的引用

Question

我已经开始在 C++ (MinGW) 中使用 OpenGL 和 GLUT。我尝试了很多 GLUT 文件，但目前我使用的是these files。我已按照它所说的所有说明进行操作，但仍然出现这些错误（请参阅输出）。

#include<windows.h>
#include<GL/glut.h>
#include<dos.h> // i know I shouldn't be using this

void render(void);
void keyboard(unsigned char c, int x, int y);
void mouse(int button, int state, int x, int y);

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    glutInit(&argc, argv);
    glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DEPTH | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGBA);
    glutInitWindowPosition(10, 10);
    glutInitWindowSize(800, 600);
    glutCreateWindow("Parmu Game Engine (Yes I didn't think of a better name.)");

//    glutClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);

    glutDisplayFunc(render);
    glutKeyboardFunc(keyboard);
    glutMouseFunc(mouse);

    glutMainLoop();
}

void render(void)
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); // ORIGIN AT  CENTRE
        glColor3f(1, 0, 0);
        glVertex2f(0.3, 0.1);
        glColor3f(0, 1, 0);
        glVertex2f(0.8, 0.1);
        glColor3f(0, 0, 1);
        glVertex2f(0.5, 0.5);
    glEnd();

  //  glFlush();
    glutSwapBuffers();
}

void keyboard(unsigned char c, int x, int y)
{
    if(c == 'q')
        exit(0);
}
void mouse(int button, int state, int x, int y)
{
    if(button == GLUT_RIGHT_BUTTON)
        exit(0);
}

这是从 cmd 运行时的输出：

E:\Workspace_CPP\Atom\Parmu_Game_Engine>g++ main.cpp
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x1c): undefined reference to `__glutInitWithExit@12'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x3d): undefined reference to `__glutCreateWindowWithExit@8'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x5d): undefined reference to `__glutCreateMenuWithExit@8'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0xaf): undefined reference to `glutInitDisplayMode@4'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0xc6): undefined reference to `glutInitWindowPosition@8'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0xdd): undefined reference to `glutInitWindowSize@8'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0xfb): undefined reference to `glutDisplayFunc@4'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x10a): undefined reference to `glutKeyboardFunc@4'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x119): undefined reference to `glutMouseFunc@4'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x121): undefined reference to `glutMainLoop@0'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x13a): undefined reference to `glClear@4'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x149): undefined reference to `glBegin@4'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x16b): undefined reference to `glColor3f@12'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x184): undefined reference to `glVertex2f@8'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x1a6): undefined reference to `glColor3f@12'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x1bf): undefined reference to `glVertex2f@8'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x1e1): undefined reference to `glColor3f@12'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x1fa): undefined reference to `glVertex2f@8'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x202): undefined reference to `glEnd@0'
C:\Users\Public\Documents\Wondershare\CreatorTemp/ccMBcaaa.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x207): undefined reference to `glutSwapBuffers@0'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

应该注意的是，我的代码没有使用任何 IDE。我用 atom 编码，用 cmd 运行。

我已经在 PATH 中包含了 E:/mingw/bin。

这些是我尝试过的命令：

E:\Workspace_CPP\Atom\Parmu_Game_Engine>g++ main.cpp

E:\Workspace_CPP\Atom\Parmu_Game_Engine>g++ main.cpp -lglut

E:\Workspace_CPP\Atom\Parmu_Game_Engine>g++ main.cpp -lglut -lGLU
E:\MinGW\bin\..\lib\gcc\mingw32\3.4.5\..\..\..\..\mingw32\bin\ld.exe: cannot find -lGLU
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

E:\Workspace_CPP\Atom\Parmu_Game_Engine>g++ main.cpp -lglut -lGLU - lGL
g++: lGL: No such file or directory
g++: -E or -x required when input is from standard input

E:\Workspace_CPP\Atom\Parmu_Game_Engine>g++ main.cpp -m32

E:\Workspace_CPP\Atom\Parmu_Game_Engine>g++ -c main.cpp -lglut32win
g++: -lglut32win: linker input file unused because linking not done

Answer 1

正如 here 所记录的，要链接的正确库是

• opengl32.lib - 用于 Windows OpenGL API 的导入库（使用 -lopengl32）。

• glu32.lib - 用于 GLU 的 Windows 实现的导入库（使用 -lglu32）。

• GLUT 库不随 Windows 一起提供，因此这取决于您从何处获得 GLUT for Windows。在link 中的版本中，您需要链接 glut32.lib，并确保在您的应用程序中包含 glut32.dll。