使用 matplotlib 和 PyQt 的 Segfault

Question

谁能暗示为什么以下代码（取自here）在退出时会出现段错误？

"""
This demo demonstrates how to embed a matplotlib (mpl) plot 
into a PyQt4 GUI application, including:

* Using the navigation toolbar
* Adding data to the plot
* Dynamically modifying the plot's properties
* Processing mpl events
* Saving the plot to a file from a menu

The main goal is to serve as a basis for developing rich PyQt GUI
applications featuring mpl plots (using the mpl OO API).

Eli Bendersky (eliben@gmail.com)
License: this code is in the public domain
Last modified: 19.01.2009
"""
import sys, os, random
from PyQt4.QtCore import *
from PyQt4.QtGui import *

import matplotlib
from matplotlib.backends.backend_qt4agg import FigureCanvasQTAgg as FigureCanvas
from matplotlib.backends.backend_qt4agg import NavigationToolbar2QTAgg as NavigationToolbar
from matplotlib.figure import Figure


class AppForm(QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        QMainWindow.__init__(self, parent)
        self.setWindowTitle('Demo: PyQt with matplotlib')

        self.create_menu()
        self.create_main_frame()
        self.create_status_bar()

        self.textbox.setText('1 2 3 4')
        self.on_draw()

    def save_plot(self):
        file_choices = "PNG (*.png)|*.png"

        path = unicode(QFileDialog.getSaveFileName(self, 
                        'Save file', '', 
                        file_choices))
        if path:
            self.canvas.print_figure(path, dpi=self.dpi)
            self.statusBar().showMessage('Saved to %s' % path, 2000)

    def on_about(self):
        msg = """ A demo of using PyQt with matplotlib:

         * Use the matplotlib navigation bar
         * Add values to the text box and press Enter (or click "Draw")
         * Show or hide the grid
         * Drag the slider to modify the width of the bars
         * Save the plot to a file using the File menu
         * Click on a bar to receive an informative message
        """
        QMessageBox.about(self, "About the demo", msg.strip())

    def on_pick(self, event):
        # The event received here is of the type
        # matplotlib.backend_bases.PickEvent
        #
        # It carries lots of information, of which we're using
        # only a small amount here.
        # 
        box_points = event.artist.get_bbox().get_points()
        msg = "You've clicked on a bar with coords:\n %s" % box_points

        QMessageBox.information(self, "Click!", msg)

    def on_draw(self):
        """ Redraws the figure
        """
        str = unicode(self.textbox.text())
        self.data = map(int, str.split())

        x = range(len(self.data))

        # clear the axes and redraw the plot anew
        #
        self.axes.clear()        
        self.axes.grid(self.grid_cb.isChecked())

        self.axes.bar(
            left=x, 
            height=self.data, 
            width=self.slider.value() / 100.0, 
            align='center', 
            alpha=0.44,
            picker=5)

        self.canvas.draw()

    def create_main_frame(self):
        self.main_frame = QWidget()

        # Create the mpl Figure and FigCanvas objects. 
        # 5x4 inches, 100 dots-per-inch
        #
        self.dpi = 100
        self.fig = Figure((5.0, 4.0), dpi=self.dpi)
        self.canvas = FigureCanvas(self.fig)
        self.canvas.setParent(self.main_frame)

        # Since we have only one plot, we can use add_axes 
        # instead of add_subplot, but then the subplot
        # configuration tool in the navigation toolbar wouldn't
        # work.
        #
        self.axes = self.fig.add_subplot(111)

        # Bind the 'pick' event for clicking on one of the bars
        #
        self.canvas.mpl_connect('pick_event', self.on_pick)

        # Create the navigation toolbar, tied to the canvas
        #
        self.mpl_toolbar = NavigationToolbar(self.canvas, self.main_frame)

        # Other GUI controls
        # 
        self.textbox = QLineEdit()
        self.textbox.setMinimumWidth(200)
        self.connect(self.textbox, SIGNAL('editingFinished ()'), self.on_draw)

        self.draw_button = QPushButton("&Draw")
        self.connect(self.draw_button, SIGNAL('clicked()'), self.on_draw)

        self.grid_cb = QCheckBox("Show &Grid")
        self.grid_cb.setChecked(False)
        self.connect(self.grid_cb, SIGNAL('stateChanged(int)'), self.on_draw)

        slider_label = QLabel('Bar width (%):')
        self.slider = QSlider(Qt.Horizontal)
        self.slider.setRange(1, 100)
        self.slider.setValue(20)
        self.slider.setTracking(True)
        self.slider.setTickPosition(QSlider.TicksBothSides)
        self.connect(self.slider, SIGNAL('valueChanged(int)'), self.on_draw)

        #
        # Layout with box sizers
        # 
        hbox = QHBoxLayout()

        for w in [  self.textbox, self.draw_button, self.grid_cb,
                    slider_label, self.slider]:
            hbox.addWidget(w)
            hbox.setAlignment(w, Qt.AlignVCenter)

        vbox = QVBoxLayout()
        vbox.addWidget(self.canvas)
        vbox.addWidget(self.mpl_toolbar)
        vbox.addLayout(hbox)

        self.main_frame.setLayout(vbox)
        self.setCentralWidget(self.main_frame)

    def create_status_bar(self):
        self.status_text = QLabel("This is a demo")
        self.statusBar().addWidget(self.status_text, 1)

    def create_menu(self):        
        self.file_menu = self.menuBar().addMenu("&File")

        load_file_action = self.create_action("&Save plot",
            shortcut="Ctrl+S", slot=self.save_plot, 
            tip="Save the plot")
        quit_action = self.create_action("&Quit", slot=self.close, 
            shortcut="Ctrl+Q", tip="Close the application")

        self.add_actions(self.file_menu, 
            (load_file_action, None, quit_action))

        self.help_menu = self.menuBar().addMenu("&Help")
        about_action = self.create_action("&About", 
            shortcut='F1', slot=self.on_about, 
            tip='About the demo')

        self.add_actions(self.help_menu, (about_action,))

    def add_actions(self, target, actions):
        for action in actions:
            if action is None:
                target.addSeparator()
            else:
                target.addAction(action)

    def create_action(  self, text, slot=None, shortcut=None, 
                        icon=None, tip=None, checkable=False, 
                        signal="triggered()"):
        action = QAction(text, self)
        if icon is not None:
            action.setIcon(QIcon(":/%s.png" % icon))
        if shortcut is not None:
            action.setShortcut(shortcut)
        if tip is not None:
            action.setToolTip(tip)
            action.setStatusTip(tip)
        if slot is not None:
            self.connect(action, SIGNAL(signal), slot)
        if checkable:
            action.setCheckable(True)
        return action


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    form = AppForm()
    form.show()
    app.exec_()

除了退出时的段错误之外，它工作正常。

版本信息：

misha@misha-desktop:~/co/python/resampling$ python
Python 2.6.5 (r265:79063, Apr 16 2010, 13:57:41) 
[GCC 4.4.3] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import matplotlib
>>> matplotlib.__version__
'0.99.1.1'
misha@misha-desktop:~/co/python/resampling$ qmake-qt4 -v
QMake version 2.01a
Using Qt version 4.6.2 in /usr/lib
misha@misha-desktop:~/co/python/resampling$ pyuic4 --version
Python User Interface Compiler 4.7.2 for Qt version 4.6.2

Answer 1

QApplication 对象在退出期间在 Form 之前被垃圾收集。对您的代码进行此更改：

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    form = AppForm()
    form.show()
    app.exec_()
    del form

并且段错误消失了。 PyQt 或 matplotlib 中的某些内容似乎取决于退出时释放资源时仍然存在的 QApplication 对象。