【发布时间】:2015-01-28 22:36:58
【问题描述】:
大约两年前,我编写了一个内核,用于同时处理多个数值网格。出现了一些非常奇怪的行为,导致了错误的结果。当在内核中利用 printf()-statements 寻找错误时,错误消失了。
由于截止日期的限制,我一直保持这种方式,尽管最近我发现这不是合适的编码风格。所以我重新审视了我的内核并将其归结为您在下面看到的内容。
__launch_bounds__(672, 2)
__global__ void heisenkernel(float *d_u, float *d_r, float *d_du, int radius,
int numNodesPerGrid, int numBlocksPerSM, int numGridsPerSM, int numGrids)
{
__syncthreads();
int id_sm = blockIdx.x / numBlocksPerSM; // (arbitrary) ID of Streaming Multiprocessor (SM) this thread works upon - (constant over lifetime of thread)
int id_blockOnSM = blockIdx.x % numBlocksPerSM; // Block number on this specific SM - (constant over lifetime of thread)
int id_r = id_blockOnSM * (blockDim.x - 2*radius) + threadIdx.x - radius; // Grid point number this thread is to work upon - (constant over lifetime of thread)
int id_grid = id_sm * numGridsPerSM; // Grid ID this thread is to work upon - (not constant over lifetime of thread)
while(id_grid < numGridsPerSM * (id_sm + 1)) // this loops over numGridsPerSM grids
{
__syncthreads();
int id_numInArray = id_grid * numNodesPerGrid + id_r; // Entry in array this thread is responsible for (read and possibly write) - (not constant over lifetime of thread)
float uchange = 0.0f;
//uchange = 1.0f; // if this line is uncommented, results will be computed correctly ("Solution 1")
float du = 0.0f;
if((threadIdx.x > radius-1) && (threadIdx.x < blockDim.x - radius) && (id_r < numNodesPerGrid) && (id_grid < numGrids))
{
if (id_r == 0) // FO-forward difference
du = (d_u[id_numInArray+1] - d_u[id_numInArray])/(d_r[id_numInArray+1] - d_r[id_numInArray]);
else if (id_r == numNodesPerGrid - 1) // FO-rearward difference
du = (d_u[id_numInArray] - d_u[id_numInArray-1])/(d_r[id_numInArray] - d_r[id_numInArray-1]);
else if (id_r == 1 || id_r == numNodesPerGrid - 2) //SO-central difference
du = (d_u[id_numInArray+1] - d_u[id_numInArray-1])/(d_r[id_numInArray+1] - d_r[id_numInArray-1]);
else if(id_r > 1 && id_r < numNodesPerGrid - 2)
du = d_fourpoint_constant * ((d_u[id_numInArray+1] - d_u[id_numInArray-1])/(d_r[id_numInArray+1] - d_r[id_numInArray-1])) + (1-d_fourpoint_constant) * ((d_u[id_numInArray+2] - d_u[id_numInArray-2])/(d_r[id_numInArray+2] - d_r[id_numInArray-2]));
else
du = 0;
}
__syncthreads();
if((threadIdx.x > radius-1 && threadIdx.x < blockDim.x - radius) && (id_r < numNodesPerGrid) && (id_grid < numGrids))
{
d_u[ id_numInArray] = d_u[id_numInArray] * uchange; // if this line is commented out, results will be computed correctly ("Solution 2")
d_du[ id_numInArray] = du;
}
__syncthreads();
++id_grid;
}
这个内核计算一些数值在所有网格点的导数,用于许多数字一维网格。
需要考虑的事项:(请参阅底部的完整代码库)
- 一个网格由 1300 个网格点组成
- 每个网格必须由两个块处理(由于内存/寄存器限制)
- 每个块在 37 个网格上连续工作(或更好:网格的一半,while 循环负责处理)
- 每个线程负责每个网格中的相同网格点
- 为了计算导数,线程需要访问来自四个下一个网格点的数据
- 为了保持块相互独立,在网格上引入了一个小的重叠(每个网格的网格点 666、667、668、669 由来自不同块的两个线程读取,尽管只有一个线程是写信给他们,正是这种重叠出现了问题)
- 由于沸腾过程,块两边的两个线程不做任何计算,原来它们负责将相应的网格值写入共享内存
网格的值存储在u_arr、du_arr 和r_arr(及其对应的设备数组d_u、d_du 和d_r)中。
每个网格在每个数组中占用 1300 个连续值。
内核中的 while 循环为每个块迭代超过 37 个网格。
为了评估内核的工作情况,每个网格都使用完全相同的值进行初始化,因此确定性程序将为每个网格生成相同的结果。 我的代码不会发生这种情况。
海森堡的怪异:
我将网格 0 的计算值与其他每个网格进行了比较,在重叠处(网格点 666-669)存在差异,但不一致。有些网格具有正确的值,有些则没有。连续两次运行会将不同的网格标记为错误。 首先想到的是,在这个重叠处的两个线程尝试同时写入内存,尽管情况似乎并非如此(我检查了......并重新检查了)。
注释或取消注释行或使用printf() 进行调试将改变
程序的结果也是:当“询问”负责相关网格点的线程时,他们告诉我一切都很好,而且他们实际上是正确的。一旦我强制线程打印出它的变量,它们就会被正确计算(更重要的是:存储)。
使用 Nsight Eclipse 进行调试也是如此。
Memcheck / Racecheck:
cuda-memcheck(memcheck 和 racecheck)报告没有内存/竞争条件问题,尽管即使使用其中一种工具也有能力影响结果的正确性。 Valgrind 给出了一些警告,尽管我认为它们与我无法影响的 CUDA API 有关,并且似乎与我的问题无关。
(更新)
正如所指出的,cuda-memcheck --tool racecheck 仅适用于共享内存竞争条件,而手头的问题在 d_u 上存在竞争条件,即全局内存。
测试环境:
原始内核已在不同的 CUDA 设备和不同的计算能力(2.0、3.0 和 3.5)上进行了测试,每个配置中都会出现错误(以某种形式)。
我的(主要)测试系统如下:
- 2 x GTX 460,在运行 X-server 的 GPU 以及 另一个
- 驱动版本:340.46
- Cuda 工具包 6.5
- Linux 内核 3.11.0-12-generic (Linux Mint 16 - Xfce)
解决方案状态:
到目前为止,我很确定某些内存访问是罪魁祸首,可能是编译器的一些优化或使用未初始化的值,而且我显然不了解一些基本的 CUDA 范例。
内核中的printf() 语句(通过一些黑魔法也必须利用设备和主机内存)和 memcheck 算法(cuda-memcheck 和 valgrind)影响的事实
行为指向同一方向。
我很抱歉这个有点复杂的内核,但我尽可能地简化了原始内核和调用,这就是我所能得到的。到目前为止,我已经学会欣赏这个问题,我期待着了解这里发生了什么。
在代码中标记了两个强制内核按预期工作的“解决方案”。
(更新) 正如下面正确答案中提到的,我的代码的问题是线程块边界的竞争条件。由于每个网格上有两个块在工作,并且不能保证哪个块首先工作,因此导致下面概述的行为。它还解释了使用代码中提到的“解决方案1”时的正确结果,因为uchange = 1.0 时输入/输出值d_u 不会改变。
简单的解决方案是将这个内核分成两个内核,一个计算d_u,另一个计算导数d_du。最好只有一个内核调用而不是两个,尽管我不知道如何使用-arch=sm_20 来实现这一点。使用-arch=sm_35 可能会使用动态并行来实现这一点,尽管第二次内核调用的开销可以忽略不计。
heisenbug.cu:
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <stdio.h>
const float r_sol = 6.955E8f;
__constant__ float d_fourpoint_constant = 0.2f;
__launch_bounds__(672, 2)
__global__ void heisenkernel(float *d_u, float *d_r, float *d_du, int radius,
int numNodesPerGrid, int numBlocksPerSM, int numGridsPerSM, int numGrids)
{
__syncthreads();
int id_sm = blockIdx.x / numBlocksPerSM; // (arbitrary) ID of Streaming Multiprocessor (SM) this thread works upon - (constant over lifetime of thread)
int id_blockOnSM = blockIdx.x % numBlocksPerSM; // Block number on this specific SM - (constant over lifetime of thread)
int id_r = id_blockOnSM * (blockDim.x - 2*radius) + threadIdx.x - radius; // Grid point number this thread is to work upon - (constant over lifetime of thread)
int id_grid = id_sm * numGridsPerSM; // Grid ID this thread is to work upon - (not constant over lifetime of thread)
while(id_grid < numGridsPerSM * (id_sm + 1)) // this loops over numGridsPerSM grids
{
__syncthreads();
int id_numInArray = id_grid * numNodesPerGrid + id_r; // Entry in array this thread is responsible for (read and possibly write) - (not constant over lifetime of thread)
float uchange = 0.0f;
//uchange = 1.0f; // if this line is uncommented, results will be computed correctly ("Solution 1")
float du = 0.0f;
if((threadIdx.x > radius-1) && (threadIdx.x < blockDim.x - radius) && (id_r < numNodesPerGrid) && (id_grid < numGrids))
{
if (id_r == 0) // FO-forward difference
du = (d_u[id_numInArray+1] - d_u[id_numInArray])/(d_r[id_numInArray+1] - d_r[id_numInArray]);
else if (id_r == numNodesPerGrid - 1) // FO-rearward difference
du = (d_u[id_numInArray] - d_u[id_numInArray-1])/(d_r[id_numInArray] - d_r[id_numInArray-1]);
else if (id_r == 1 || id_r == numNodesPerGrid - 2) //SO-central difference
du = (d_u[id_numInArray+1] - d_u[id_numInArray-1])/(d_r[id_numInArray+1] - d_r[id_numInArray-1]);
else if(id_r > 1 && id_r < numNodesPerGrid - 2)
du = d_fourpoint_constant * ((d_u[id_numInArray+1] - d_u[id_numInArray-1])/(d_r[id_numInArray+1] - d_r[id_numInArray-1])) + (1-d_fourpoint_constant) * ((d_u[id_numInArray+2] - d_u[id_numInArray-2])/(d_r[id_numInArray+2] - d_r[id_numInArray-2]));
else
du = 0;
}
__syncthreads();
if((threadIdx.x > radius-1 && threadIdx.x < blockDim.x - radius) && (id_r < numNodesPerGrid) && (id_grid < numGrids))
{
d_u[ id_numInArray] = d_u[id_numInArray] * uchange; // if this line is commented out, results will be computed correctly ("Solution 2")
d_du[ id_numInArray] = du;
}
__syncthreads();
++id_grid;
}
}
bool gridValuesEqual(float *matarray, uint id0, uint id1, const char *label, int numNodesPerGrid){
bool retval = true;
for(uint i=0; i<numNodesPerGrid; ++i)
if(matarray[id0 * numNodesPerGrid + i] != matarray[id1 * numNodesPerGrid + i])
{
printf("value %s at position %u of grid %u not equal that of grid %u: %E != %E, diff: %E\n",
label, i, id0, id1, matarray[id0 * numNodesPerGrid + i], matarray[id1 * numNodesPerGrid + i],
matarray[id0 * numNodesPerGrid + i] - matarray[id1 * numNodesPerGrid + i]);
retval = false;
}
return retval;
}
int main(int argc, const char* argv[])
{
float *d_u;
float *d_du;
float *d_r;
float *u_arr;
float *du_arr;
float *r_arr;
int numNodesPerGrid = 1300;
int numBlocksPerSM = 2;
int numGridsPerSM = 37;
int numSM = 7;
int TPB = 672;
int radius = 2;
int numGrids = 259;
int memsize_grid = sizeof(float) * numNodesPerGrid;
int numBlocksPerGrid = numNodesPerGrid / (TPB - 2 * radius) + (numNodesPerGrid%(TPB - 2 * radius) == 0 ? 0 : 1);
printf("---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("--- Heisenbug Extermination Tracker ---------------------------------------\n");
printf("---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n");
cudaSetDevice(0);
cudaDeviceReset();
cudaMalloc((void **) &d_u, memsize_grid * numGrids);
cudaMalloc((void **) &d_du, memsize_grid * numGrids);
cudaMalloc((void **) &d_r, memsize_grid * numGrids);
u_arr = new float[numGrids * numNodesPerGrid];
du_arr = new float[numGrids * numNodesPerGrid];
r_arr = new float[numGrids * numNodesPerGrid];
for(uint k=0; k<numGrids; ++k)
for(uint i=0; i<numNodesPerGrid; ++i)
{
uint index = k * numNodesPerGrid + i;
if (i < 585)
r_arr[index] = i * (6000.0f);
else
{
if (i == 585)
r_arr[index] = r_arr[index - 1] + 8.576E-6f * r_sol;
else
r_arr[index] = r_arr[index - 1] + 1.02102f * ( r_arr[index - 1] - r_arr[index - 2] );
}
u_arr[index] = 1E-10f * (i+1);
du_arr[index] = 0.0f;
}
/*
printf("\n\nbefore kernel start\n\n");
for(uint k=0; k<numGrids; ++k)
printf("matrix->du_arr[k*paramH.numNodes + 668]:\t%E\n", du_arr[k*numNodesPerGrid + 668]);//*/
bool equal = true;
for(int k=1; k<numGrids; ++k)
{
equal &= gridValuesEqual(u_arr, 0, k, "u", numNodesPerGrid);
equal &= gridValuesEqual(du_arr, 0, k, "du", numNodesPerGrid);
equal &= gridValuesEqual(r_arr, 0, k, "r", numNodesPerGrid);
}
if(!equal)
printf("Input values are not identical for different grids!\n\n");
else
printf("All grids contain the same values at same grid points.!\n\n");
cudaMemcpy(d_u, u_arr, memsize_grid * numGrids, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaMemcpy(d_du, du_arr, memsize_grid * numGrids, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaMemcpy(d_r, r_arr, memsize_grid * numGrids, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
printf("Configuration:\n\n");
printf("numNodesPerGrid:\t%i\nnumBlocksPerSM:\t\t%i\nnumGridsPerSM:\t\t%i\n", numNodesPerGrid, numBlocksPerSM, numGridsPerSM);
printf("numSM:\t\t\t\t%i\nTPB:\t\t\t\t%i\nradius:\t\t\t\t%i\nnumGrids:\t\t\t%i\nmemsize_grid:\t\t%i\n", numSM, TPB, radius, numGrids, memsize_grid);
printf("numBlocksPerGrid:\t%i\n\n", numBlocksPerGrid);
printf("Kernel launch parameters:\n\n");
printf("moduleA2_3<<<%i, %i, %i>>>(...)\n\n", numBlocksPerSM * numSM, TPB, 0);
printf("Launching Kernel...\n\n");
heisenkernel<<<numBlocksPerSM * numSM, TPB, 0>>>(d_u, d_r, d_du, radius, numNodesPerGrid, numBlocksPerSM, numGridsPerSM, numGrids);
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
cudaMemcpy(u_arr, d_u, memsize_grid * numGrids, cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
cudaMemcpy(du_arr, d_du, memsize_grid * numGrids, cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
cudaMemcpy(r_arr, d_r, memsize_grid * numGrids, cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
/*
printf("\n\nafter kernel finished\n\n");
for(uint k=0; k<numGrids; ++k)
printf("matrix->du_arr[k*paramH.numNodes + 668]:\t%E\n", du_arr[k*numNodesPerGrid + 668]);//*/
equal = true;
for(int k=1; k<numGrids; ++k)
{
equal &= gridValuesEqual(u_arr, 0, k, "u", numNodesPerGrid);
equal &= gridValuesEqual(du_arr, 0, k, "du", numNodesPerGrid);
equal &= gridValuesEqual(r_arr, 0, k, "r", numNodesPerGrid);
}
if(!equal)
printf("Results are wrong!!\n");
else
printf("All went well!\n");
cudaFree(d_u);
cudaFree(d_du);
cudaFree(d_r);
delete [] u_arr;
delete [] du_arr;
delete [] r_arr;
return 0;
}
生成文件:
CUDA = 1
DEFINES =
ifeq ($(CUDA), 1)
DEFINES += -DCUDA
CUDAPATH = /usr/local/cuda-6.5
CUDAINCPATH = -I$(CUDAPATH)/include
CUDAARCH = -arch=sm_20
endif
CXX = g++
CXXFLAGS = -pipe -g -std=c++0x -fPIE -O0 $(DEFINES)
VALGRIND = valgrind
VALGRIND_FLAGS = -v --leak-check=yes --log-file=out.memcheck
CUDAMEMCHECK = cuda-memcheck
CUDAMC_FLAGS = --tool memcheck
RACECHECK = $(CUDAMEMCHECK)
RACECHECK_FLAGS = --tool racecheck
INCPATH = -I. $(CUDAINCPATH)
LINK = g++
LFLAGS = -O0
LIBS =
ifeq ($(CUDA), 1)
NVCC = $(CUDAPATH)/bin/nvcc
LIBS += -L$(CUDAPATH)/lib64/
LIBS += -lcuda -lcudart -lcudadevrt
NVCCFLAGS = -g -G -O0 --ptxas-options=-v
NVCCFLAGS += -lcuda -lcudart -lcudadevrt -lineinfo --machine 64 -x cu $(CUDAARCH) $(DEFINES)
endif
all:
$(NVCC) $(NVCCFLAGS) $(INCPATH) -c -o $(DST_DIR)heisenbug.o $(SRC_DIR)heisenbug.cu
$(LINK) $(LFLAGS) -o heisenbug heisenbug.o $(LIBS)
clean:
rm heisenbug.o
rm heisenbug
memrace: all
./heisenbug > out
$(VALGRIND) $(VALGRIND_FLAGS) ./heisenbug > out.memcheck.log
$(CUDAMEMCHECK) $(CUDAMC_FLAGS) ./heisenbug > out.cudamemcheck
$(RACECHECK) $(RACECHECK_FLAGS) ./heisenbug > out.racecheck
【问题讨论】: