左加入 Django ORM

Question

我有以下型号：

class Volunteer(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50L)
    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50L)    
    email = models.CharField(max_length=50L)
    gender = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=GENDER_CHOICES)


class Department(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50L, unique=True)
    overseer = models.ForeignKey(Volunteer, blank=True, null=True)
    location = models.CharField(max_length=100L, null=True)


class DepartmentVolunteer(models.Model):
    volunteer = models.ForeignKey(Volunteer)
    department = models.ForeignKey(Department)
    assistant = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    keyman = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    captain = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    location = models.CharField(max_length=100L, blank=True, null=True)

我想查询所有没有分配志愿者的部门。我可以使用以下查询来做到这一点：

SELECT 
    d.name 
FROM   
    vsp_department AS d
LEFT JOIN vsp_departmentvolunteer AS dv
ON d.id = dv.department_id  
WHERE
    dv.department_id IS NULL;

是否有更类似于 django 的方式来执行此操作，或者我应该只使用原始 sql 吗？

Answer 1

您可以通过遵循查找中的向后关系来做到这一点。

>>> qs = Department.objects.filter(departmentvolunteer__isnull=True).values_list('name', flat=True)
>>> print(qs.query)
SELECT "app_department"."name" FROM "app_department" LEFT OUTER JOIN
"app_departmentvolunteer" ON ( "app_department"."id" = "app_departmentvolunteer"."department_id" )
WHERE "app_epartmentvolunteer"."id" IS NULL

这里是关于“跨越多值关系”查询的文档：https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/topics/db/queries/#spanning-multi-valued-relationships

Answer 2

对我来说，需要具有隐式字段的自定义连接模型
它在 django 1.9 上对我有用。
但它更像是在拐杖上
如果有人有更优雅的解决方案，请分享给人们

from django.db.models.sql.datastructures import Join
from django.db.models.fields.related import ForeignObject
from django.db.models.options import Options
from myapp.models import Ace
from myapp.models import Subject

jf = ForeignObject(
    to=Subject,
    on_delete=lambda: x, 
    from_fields=[None], 
    to_fields=[None], 
    rel=None, 
    related_name=None   
)

jf.opts = Options(Ace._meta)
jf.opts.model = Ace
jf.get_joining_columns = lambda: (("subj", "name"),)

j=Join(
    Subject._meta.db_table, Ace._meta.db_table, 
    'T1', "LEFT JOIN", jf, True)

q=Ace.objects.filter(version=296)
q.query.join(j)

print q.query

结果：

SELECT
    `ace`.`id`,
    `ace`.`version_id`,
    `ace`.`obj`,
    `ace`.`subj`,
    `ace`.`ACE_Type`,
    `ace`.`ACE_Inheritance`,
    `ace`.`ACE_Rights`
FROM `ace`
LEFT OUTER JOIN `core_subject`
ON (`ace`.`subj` = `core_subject`.`name`)
WHERE `ace`.`version_id` = 296

此处使用附加条件和设置表别名的示例（但它看起来像拐杖）

def join_to(self, table1, table2, field1, field2, queryset, alias=''):
    """
    table1 base
    """
    # here you can set complex clause for join
    def extra_join_cond(where_class, alias, related_alias):
        if (alias, related_alias) == ('[sys].[columns]',
                                      '[sys].[database_permissions]'):
            where = '[sys].[columns].[column_id] = ' \
                    '[sys].[database_permissions].[minor_id]'
            children = [ExtraWhere([where], ())]
            wh = where_class(children)
            return wh
        return None

    dpj = ForeignObject(
        to=table2,
        on_delete=lambda: None,
        from_fields=[None],
        to_fields=[None],
        rel=None,
        related_name=None
    )
    dpj.opts = Options(table1._meta)
    dpj.opts.model = table1
    dpj.get_joining_columns = lambda: ((field1, field2),)
    dpj.get_extra_restriction = extra_join_cond

    dj = Join(
        table2._meta.db_table, table1._meta.db_table,
        'T', "LEFT JOIN", dpj, True)

    ac = queryset._clone()
    ac.query.join(dj)
    # hook for set alias
    alias and setattr(dj, 'table_alias', alias)
    return ac

我用它

# how it use:
from django.db.models.expressions import Col  

q = Something.objects \
    .filter(type__in=["'S'", "'U'", "'G'"]) \
    .exclude(name__in=("'sys'", "'INFORMATION_SCHEMA'")) \
    .annotate(
        ... some annotation fields
        class_= Col(Permissions._meta.db_table,
                    Permissions._meta.get_field('field_name'),
                    output_field=IntegerField()),
        Grant=Col(
            'T10',
            Principals._meta.get_field('name'),
            output_field=CharField()),
     ).values('Grant')  

     ac = self.join_to(Principals, ServerPrincipals, 'sid', 'sid', q)
     # here invoke "extra_join_cond" of function "join_to"
     ac = self.join_to(Permissions, Columns, 'major_id', 'object_id', ac)
     # here use alias table
     ac = self.join_to(Permissions, Principals, 'grantor_id', 'principal_id', ac, 'T10')  # T10 is alias

sql 会是

SELECT
    T10.name    AS Grant
FROM sys.principals
    LEFT OUTER JOIN sys.server_principals 
        ON (sys.principals.sid = sys.server_principals.sid)
    LEFT OUTER JOIN sys.columns 
        ON (sys.permissions.major_id = sys.columns.object_id 
        AND (
           (sys.columns.column_id = sys.permissions.minor_id))
    )
LEFT OUTER JOIN sys.principals T10 
    ON (sys.permissions.grantor_id = T10.principal_id)

Answer 3

这似乎有效：

Department.objects.filter(departmentvolunteer__department__isnull=True)

更多详情请见docs。

Answer 4

通过OR

创建自定义连接

def get_queryset(self):
    qs = super(AceViewSet, self).get_queryset()
    qs = qs.select_related('xxx')
    # construct all tables and the join dependence
    qs.query.__str__()

    qs.query.alias_map['xx_subject'].join_cols = (('xxx_id', 'uid'), ('xxx_id', 'ad_subject_id'))
    qs.query.alias_map['xx_subject'].as_sql = partial(self.as_sql, qs.query.alias_map['xx_subject'])
    return qs

@staticmethod
def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
    sql, params = Join.as_sql(self, compiler, connection)
    or_sql = sql.replace("AND", "OR")
    return or_sql, params

FROM "xx_ace"
  LEFT OUTER JOIN "xx_subject"
    ON ("xx_ace"."xxx_id" = "xx_subject"."uid" OR "xx_ace"."xxx_id" = "xx_subject"."ad_subject_id")