这取决于你对相似的定义有多严格。
机器学习技术
正如others 所指出的,您可以使用latent semantic analysis 或相关的latent Dirichlet allocation 之类的东西。
语义相似度和 WordNet
与pointed out 一样,您可能希望将现有资源用于此类事情。
许多研究论文 (example) 使用术语语义相似度。基本思想是计算这通常是通过在图上的两个单词之间找到distance 来完成的,如果单词是其父项的类型,则该单词是子项。示例:“songbird”将是“bird”的子级。如果您愿意,语义相似度可以用作创建集群的距离度量。
示例实现
另外,如果你对某个语义相似度度量的值设置一个阈值,你可以得到一个布尔值True 或False。这是我创建的 Gist (word_similarity.py),它使用 NLTK's 语料库阅读器来读取 WordNet。希望这会为您指明正确的方向,并为您提供更多搜索字词。
def sim(word1, word2, lch_threshold=2.15, verbose=False):
"""Determine if two (already lemmatized) words are similar or not.
Call with verbose=True to print the WordNet senses from each word
that are considered similar.
The documentation for the NLTK WordNet Interface is available here:
http://nltk.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/doc/howto/wordnet.html
"""
from nltk.corpus import wordnet as wn
results = []
for net1 in wn.synsets(word1):
for net2 in wn.synsets(word2):
try:
lch = net1.lch_similarity(net2)
except:
continue
# The value to compare the LCH to was found empirically.
# (The value is very application dependent. Experiment!)
if lch >= lch_threshold:
results.append((net1, net2))
if not results:
return False
if verbose:
for net1, net2 in results:
print net1
print net1.definition
print net2
print net2.definition
print 'path similarity:'
print net1.path_similarity(net2)
print 'lch similarity:'
print net1.lch_similarity(net2)
print 'wup similarity:'
print net1.wup_similarity(net2)
print '-' * 79
return True
示例输出
>>> sim('college', 'academy')
True
>>> sim('essay', 'schoolwork')
False
>>> sim('essay', 'schoolwork', lch_threshold=1.5)
True
>>> sim('human', 'man')
True
>>> sim('human', 'car')
False
>>> sim('fare', 'food')
True
>>> sim('fare', 'food', verbose=True)
Synset('fare.n.04')
the food and drink that are regularly served or consumed
Synset('food.n.01')
any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue
path similarity:
0.5
lch similarity:
2.94443897917
wup similarity:
0.909090909091
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
True
>>> sim('bird', 'songbird', verbose=True)
Synset('bird.n.01')
warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings
Synset('songbird.n.01')
any bird having a musical call
path similarity:
0.25
lch similarity:
2.25129179861
wup similarity:
0.869565217391
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
True
>>> sim('happen', 'cause', verbose=True)
Synset('happen.v.01')
come to pass
Synset('induce.v.02')
cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner
path similarity:
0.333333333333
lch similarity:
2.15948424935
wup similarity:
0.5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Synset('find.v.01')
come upon, as if by accident; meet with
Synset('induce.v.02')
cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner
path similarity:
0.333333333333
lch similarity:
2.15948424935
wup similarity:
0.5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
True