【发布时间】:2016-06-15 01:48:50
【问题描述】:
tl;博士 我的循环关系占用的图表数量少于应有的数量。
我需要找到具有 N 个标记顶点和 K 个未标记边的简单连通图的数量。 Link to full source with complete question
[我见过this post,它没有解决我的问题]
约束:2
我用两个不同的(不完全是,我后来意识到)想法来解决这个问题。
第一个想法:Connect N nodes with K edges such that there is 1 path between 2 nodes
构思:考虑N-1 节点和K-1 边。添加第N个节点有几种方法?
- 在节点
N和任何其他N-1节点之间分配1条边; 这是微不足道的,\binom {N-1}1,即给定N-1选择 1。 - 在...之间分配 2 条边。
- ....
- ....
- 在 .... 之间分配
N-1边。
我们只看 K ∈ [N-1, N(N-1)/2] 的值(其他值没有意义)。当 K = N-1 时,它基本上属于Cayley's formula。递归关系是我想出的部分。 问题是我使用的图表数量少于应有的数量。代码:
static Map<List<Integer>, String> resultMap = new HashMap<List<Integer>, String>();
// N -> number of nodes
// K -> number of edges
// N will be at least 2 and at most 20.
// K will be at least one less than n and at most (n * (n - 1)) / 2
public static String answer(int N, int K) {
/* for the case where K < N-1 */
if(K < N-1)
return BigInteger.ZERO.toString();
/* for the case where K = N-1 */
// Cayley's formula applies [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley's_formula].
// number of trees on n labeled vertices is n^{n-2}.
if(K == N-1)
return BigInteger.valueOf((long)Math.pow(N, N-2)).toString();
/* for the case where K > N-1 */
// check if key is present in the map
List<Integer> tuple = Arrays.asList(N, K);
if( resultMap.containsKey(tuple) )
return resultMap.get(tuple);
// maximum number of edges in a simply
// connected undirected unweighted graph
// with n nodes = |N| * |N-1| / 2
int maxEdges = N * (N-1) / 2;
/* for the case where K = N(N-1)/2 */
// if K is the maximum possible
// number of edges for the number of
// nodes, then there is only one way is
// to make a graph (connect each node
// to all other nodes)
if(K == maxEdges)
return BigInteger.ONE.toString();
/* for the case where K > N(N-1)/2 */
if(K > maxEdges)
return BigInteger.ZERO.toString();
BigInteger count = BigInteger.ZERO;
for(int k = 1; k <= N-1 ; k++) {
BigInteger combinations = nChooseR(N-1, k);
combinations = combinations.multiply(new BigInteger(answer(N-1, K-k)));
count = count.add(combinations);
}
// unmodifiable so key cannot change hash code
resultMap.put(Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(N, K)), count.toString());
return count.toString();
}
我在 MSE 上发现 this 帖子解决了同样的问题。使用它作为参考,“公式”看起来有点像这样: 这完全符合预期。本节的代码如下。
static Map<List<Integer>, String> resultMap2 = new HashMap<List<Integer>, String>();
// reference: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/689526/how-many-connected-graphs-over-v-vertices-and-e-edges
public static String answer2(int N, int K) {
/* for the case where K < N-1 */
if(K < N-1)
return BigInteger.ZERO.toString();
/* for the case where K = N-1 */
// Cayley's formula applies [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley's_formula].
// number of trees on n labeled vertices is n^{n-2}.
if(K == N-1)
return BigInteger.valueOf((long)Math.pow(N, N-2)).toString();
/* for the case where K > N-1 */
// check if key is present in the map
List<Integer> tuple = Arrays.asList(N, K);
if( resultMap2.containsKey(tuple) )
return resultMap2.get(tuple);
// maximum number of edges in a simply
// connected undirected unweighted graph
// with n nodes = |N| * |N-1| / 2
int maxEdges = N * (N-1) / 2;
/* for the case where K = N(N-1)/2 */
// if K is the maximum possible
// number of edges for the number of
// nodes, then there is only one way is
// to make a graph (connect each node
// to all other nodes)
if(K == maxEdges)
return BigInteger.ONE.toString();
/* for the case where K > N(N-1)/2 */
if(K > maxEdges)
return BigInteger.ZERO.toString();
// get the universal set
BigInteger allPossible = nChooseR(maxEdges, K);
BigInteger repeats = BigInteger.ZERO;
// now, to remove duplicates, or incomplete graphs
// when can these cases occur?
for(int n = 0 ; n <= N-2 ; n++) {
BigInteger choose_n_from_rem_nodes = nChooseR(N-1, n);
int chooseN = (N - 1 - n) * (N - 2 - n) / 2;
BigInteger repeatedEdges = BigInteger.ZERO;
for(int k = 0 ; k <= K ; k++) {
BigInteger combinations = nChooseR(chooseN, k);
BigInteger recurse = new BigInteger(answer2(n+1, K-k));
repeatedEdges = repeatedEdges.add(combinations.multiply(recurse));
}
repeats = repeats.add(choose_n_from_rem_nodes.multiply(repeatedEdges));
}
// remove repeats
allPossible = allPossible.subtract(repeats);
// add to cache
resultMap2.put(Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(N, K)), allPossible.toString());
return resultMap2.get(tuple);
}
如果有人能指出我的方向,我将不胜感激,这样我就可以在我的第一种方法中得到错误。第二种方法有效,但它进行 O(NK) 递归调用,并且 K 在 N 中平均是二次方的。所以,显然不是很好,尽管我尝试使用 DP 最小化计算。 nChooseR() 和 factorial() 函数如下。
nChoosR 的代码:
static Map<List<Integer>, BigInteger> nCrMap = new HashMap<List<Integer>, BigInteger>();
// formula: nCr = n! / [r! * (n-r)!]
private static BigInteger nChooseR(int n, int r) {
// check if key is present
List<Integer> tuple = Arrays.asList(n, r);
if( nCrMap.containsKey(tuple) )
return nCrMap.get(tuple);
// covering some basic cases using
// if statements to prevent unnecessary
// calculations and memory wastage
// given 5 objects, there are 0 ways to choose 6
if(r > n)
return BigInteger.valueOf(0);
// given 5 objects, there are 5 ways of choosing 1
// given 5 objects, there are 5 ways of choosing 4
if( (r == 1) || ( (n-r) == 1 ) )
return BigInteger.valueOf(n);
// given 5 objects, there is 1 way of choosing 5 objects
// given 5 objects, there is 1 way of choosing 0 objects
if( (r == 0) || ( (n-r) == 0 ) )
return BigInteger.valueOf(1);
BigInteger diff = getFactorial(n-r);
BigInteger numerator = getFactorial(n);
BigInteger denominator = getFactorial(r);
denominator = denominator.multiply(diff);
// unmodifiable so key cannot change hash code
nCrMap.put(Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(n, r)), numerator.divide(denominator));
return nCrMap.get(tuple);
}
阶乘代码:
private static Map<Integer, BigInteger> factorials = new HashMap<Integer, BigInteger>();
private static BigInteger getFactorial(int n) {
if(factorials.containsKey(n))
return factorials.get(n);
BigInteger fact = BigInteger.ONE;
for(int i = 2 ; i <= n ; i++)
fact = fact.multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(i));
factorials.put(n, fact);
return fact;
}
一些测试代码:
public static void main(String[] args) {
int fail = 0;
int total = 0;
for(int n = 2 ; n <= 20 ; n++) {
for(int k = n-1 ; k <= n*(n-1)/2 ; k++) {
total++;
String ans = answer(n,k);
String ans2 = answer2(n,k);
if(ans.compareTo(ans2) != 0) {
fail++;
System.out.println("N = " + n + " , K = " + k + " , num = " + ans + " ||| " + ans2);
}
}
}
System.out.println("Approach 1 fails " + ((100*fail)/total) + "% of the test");
}
附注作为 Google Foobar 挑战的一部分,我得到了这个挑战。只是想让所有人都知道这一点。 answer2() 根据挑战者看不到的 Foobar 上的测试用例被判定为有效。
只是为了阅读所有内容,这里是video of a tiny hamster eating a tiny burrito。
【问题讨论】:
-
N 和 K 的约束条件是什么?
-
抱歉没有提及。 2
-
您能否为问题添加更多详细信息?我仍然无法得到什么要求?你有 N 个节点和 K 条边,找到从这些节点和边中形成一个
-
是的。你是对的。
标签: java algorithm graph hashmap dynamic-programming