在R中将日期时间格式化为季节？

Question

在 R 中，可以将 POSIXlt 日期时间对象格式化为月份：

format(Sys.time(), format='%Y-%m')

有没有办法对季节或 3 个月组（DJF、MAM、JJA、SON）做同样的事情？这些划分在气候学和生态科学中确实很常见，如果有一种巧妙的方法可以像几个月一样快速格式化它们，那就太好了。显然 DJF 超过 2 年，但出于目的或这个问题，这并不重要 - 只需始终将它们推入任一年，（或者，理想情况下，能够指定它们进入哪一年会很好） .

我将输出用作by() 的索引，因此输出格式并不重要，只要每年/季节是唯一的即可。

编辑：示例数据：

dates <- Sys.Date()+seq(1,380, by=35)
dates <- structure(c(16277, 16312, 16347, 16382, 16417, 16452, 16487, 
                     16522, 16557, 16592, 16627), class = "Date")
dates
#[1] "2014-07-26" "2014-08-30" "2014-10-04" "2014-11-08" "2014-12-13"
# "2015-01-17" "2015-02-21" "2015-03-28" "2015-05-02" "2015-06-06" "2015-07-11"

应该导致：

c("2014-JJA", "2014-JJA", "2014-SON", "2014-SON", "2015-DJF", "2015-DJF", 
  "2015-DJF", "2015-MAM", "2015-MAM", "2015-JJA", "2015-JJA")

但“2015-DJF”也可能是“2014-DJF”。此外，输出的形式无关紧要 - “2104q4 或 201404 也可以。

Answer 1

as.POSIXlt 返回一个命名列表（这使得它不适合 data.frame 列）。列表列可以单独访问，包括“year”（基于 1900，与默认使用的 1970 不同）和“mon”（基于 0）。在 hte 帮助系统中查看此列表的最佳位置是 ?DateTimeClasses：

首先只是一个季节计算，然后是一个年-季节计算

 c('DJF', 'MAM', 'JJA', 'SON')[ # select from character vector with numeric vector
          1+((as.POSIXlt(dates)$mon+1) %/% 3)%%4]

 [1] "JJA" "JJA" "SON" "SON" "DJF" "DJF" "DJF" "MAM" "MAM" "JJA"
[11] "JJA"



   paste( 1900 + # this is the base year for POSIXlt year numbering 
             as.POSIXlt( dates )$year + 
             1*(as.POSIXlt( dates )$year==12) ,   # offset needed for December
          c('DJF', 'MAM', 'JJA', 'SON')[          # indexing from 0-based-mon
                             1+((as.POSIXlt(dates)$mon+1) %/% 3)%%4] 
          , sep="-")
 [1] "2014-JJA" "2014-JJA" "2014-SON" "2014-SON" "2014-DJF"
 [6] "2015-DJF" "2015-DJF" "2015-MAM" "2015-MAM" "2015-JJA"
[11] "2015-JJA"

创建一个构造您期望的格式的函数应该不难。这只是月和年的 POSIXlt 值的模运算。

Answer 2

我喜欢使用查找向量来解决这类问题，例如：

x <- as.POSIXlt(
  seq.Date(as.Date("2000-01-01"),as.Date("2002-01-01"),by="2 months")
)

例如，如果你想指定南半球的季节，你可以这样做：

src <- rep(c("su","au","wi","sp"),each=3)[c(2:12,1)]

paste(format(x,"%Y-%m"),src[x$mon+1])
# [1] "2000-01 su" "2000-03 au" "2000-05 au" "2000-07 wi" "2000-09 sp"
# [6] "2000-11 sp" "2001-01 su" "2001-03 au" "2001-05 au" "2001-07 wi"
#[11] "2001-09 sp" "2001-11 sp" "2002-01 su"

更改您认为合适的 src 名称以重新标记类别。

Answer 3

令 Q1 为 DJF； Q2，MAM；然后等：

seasonal.quarters <- function(x) {
    x <- as.POSIXlt(x)
    x$mon <- (x$mon + 1) %% 12
    quarters(x)
}

options(stringsAsFactors=FALSE)

nonleap.year <- seq(from=as.POSIXct('2013-1-1'), to=as.POSIXct('2014-1-1'), by='day')
d <- data.frame(ms=months(nonleap.year), qs=seasonal.quarters(nonleap.year))
by(d, INDICES=list(d$qs), FUN=function(x) unique(x$ms))
# : Q1
# [1] "January"  "February" "December"
# -------------------------------------
# : Q2
# [1] "March" "April" "May"  
# -------------------------------------
# : Q3
# [1] "June"   "July"   "August"
# -------------------------------------
# : Q4
# [1] "September" "October"   "November" 

leap.year <- seq(from=as.POSIXct('2016-1-1'), to=as.POSIXct('2017-1-1'), by='day')
d <- data.frame(ms=months(leap.year), qs=seasonal.quarters(leap.year))
by(d, INDICES=list(d$qs), FUN=function(x) unique(x$ms))
# : Q1
# [1] "January"  "February" "December"
# -------------------------------------
# : Q2
# [1] "March" "April" "May"  
# -------------------------------------
# : Q3
# [1] "June"   "July"   "August"
# -------------------------------------
# : Q4
# [1] "September" "October"   "November" 

Answer 4

这是上面42-'s answer 的替代方案。去那里看看我的评论，因为我发布它的原因。

dates_orig <- as.POSIXlt(c("2013-01-01", "2013-02-01", "2013-03-01", "2013-04-01", "2013-05-01", "2013-06-01", "2013-07-01", "2013-08-01", "2013-09-01", "2013-10-01", "2013-11-01", "2013-12-01", "2014-01-01", "2014-02-01", "2014-03-01", "2014-04-01", "2014-05-01", "2014-06-01", "2014-07-01", "2014-08-01", "2014-09-01", "2014-10-01", "2014-11-01", "2014-12-01"))

format(dates_orig, format='%Y%b')
 [1] "2013Jan" "2013Feb" "2013Mar" "2013Apr" "2013May" "2013Jun" "2013Jul" "2013Aug" "2013Sep" "2013Oct" "2013Nov" "2013Dec" "2014Jan" "2014Feb" "2014Mar"
[16] "2014Apr" "2014May" "2014Jun" "2014Jul" "2014Aug" "2014Sep" "2014Oct" "2014Nov" "2014Dec"

dates <- as.POSIXlt(dates_orig)
# shift Jan and Feb to the previous year
dates$year[dates$mon < 2] <- dates$year[dates$mon < 2] - 1
# convert months to seasons (named by first month of season)
dates$mon <- (((dates$mon - 2) %/% 3) %% 4) * 3 + 2

format(dates, format='%Y%b')
[1] "2012Dec" "2012Dec" "2013Mar" "2013Mar" "2013Mar" "2013Jun" "2013Jun" "2013Jun" "2013Sep" "2013Sep" "2013Sep" "2013Dec" "2013Dec" "2013Dec" "2014Mar"
[16] "2014Mar" "2014Mar" "2014Jun" "2014Jun" "2014Jun" "2014Sep" "2014Sep" "2014Sep" "2014Dec"