对象:
抽象:
概括:
Haskell 中的示例:
三个不同接口的优先队列实现选择排序:
- 将队列实现为排序列表的开放接口,
- 一个抽象的接口(所以细节隐藏在抽象层后面),
- 通用接口(细节仍然可见,但实现更灵活)。
{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes #-}
module Main where
import qualified Data.List as List
import qualified Data.Set as Set
{- TYPES: -}
-- PQ new push pop
-- by intention there is no build-in way to tell if the queue is empty
data PriorityQueue q t = PQ (q t) (t -> q t -> q t) (q t -> (t, q t))
-- there is a concrete way for a particular queue, e.g. List.null
type ListPriorityQueue t = PriorityQueue [] t
-- but there is no method in the abstract setting
newtype AbstractPriorityQueue q = APQ (forall t. Ord t => PriorityQueue q t)
{- SOLUTIONS: -}
-- the basic version
list_selection_sort :: ListPriorityQueue t -> [t] -> [t]
list_selection_sort (PQ new push pop) list = List.unfoldr mypop (List.foldr push new list)
where
mypop [] = Nothing -- this is possible because we know that the queue is represented by a list
mypop ls = Just (pop ls)
-- here we abstract the queue, so we need to keep the queue size ourselves
abstract_selection_sort :: Ord t => AbstractPriorityQueue q -> [t] -> [t]
abstract_selection_sort (APQ (PQ new push pop)) list = List.unfoldr mypop (List.foldr mypush (0,new) list)
where
mypush t (n, q) = (n+1, push t q)
mypop (0, q) = Nothing
mypop (n, q) = let (t, q') = pop q in Just (t, (n-1, q'))
-- here we generalize the first solution to all the queues that allow checking if the queue is empty
class EmptyCheckable q where
is_empty :: q -> Bool
generalized_selection_sort :: EmptyCheckable (q t) => PriorityQueue q t -> [t] -> [t]
generalized_selection_sort (PQ new push pop) list = List.unfoldr mypop (List.foldr push new list)
where
mypop q | is_empty q = Nothing
mypop q | otherwise = Just (pop q)
{- EXAMPLES: -}
-- priority queue based on lists
priority_queue_1 :: Ord t => ListPriorityQueue t
priority_queue_1 = PQ [] List.insert (\ls -> (head ls, tail ls))
instance EmptyCheckable [t] where
is_empty = List.null
-- priority queue based on sets
priority_queue_2 :: Ord t => PriorityQueue Set.Set t
priority_queue_2 = PQ Set.empty Set.insert Set.deleteFindMin
instance EmptyCheckable (Set.Set t) where
is_empty = Set.null
-- an arbitrary type and a queue specially designed for it
data ABC = A | B | C deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)
-- priority queue based on counting
data PQ3 t = PQ3 Integer Integer Integer
priority_queue_3 :: PriorityQueue PQ3 ABC
priority_queue_3 = PQ new push pop
where
new = (PQ3 0 0 0)
push A (PQ3 a b c) = (PQ3 (a+1) b c)
push B (PQ3 a b c) = (PQ3 a (b+1) c)
push C (PQ3 a b c) = (PQ3 a b (c+1))
pop (PQ3 0 0 0) = undefined
pop (PQ3 0 0 c) = (C, (PQ3 0 0 (c-1)))
pop (PQ3 0 b c) = (B, (PQ3 0 (b-1) c))
pop (PQ3 a b c) = (A, (PQ3 (a-1) b c))
instance EmptyCheckable (PQ3 t) where
is_empty (PQ3 0 0 0) = True
is_empty _ = False
{- MAIN: -}
main :: IO ()
main = do
print $ list_selection_sort priority_queue_1 [2, 3, 1]
-- print $ list_selection_sort priority_queue_2 [2, 3, 1] -- fail
-- print $ list_selection_sort priority_queue_3 [B, C, A] -- fail
print $ abstract_selection_sort (APQ priority_queue_1) [B, C, A] -- APQ hides the queue
print $ abstract_selection_sort (APQ priority_queue_2) [B, C, A] -- behind the layer of abstraction
-- print $ abstract_selection_sort (APQ priority_queue_3) [B, C, A] -- fail
print $ generalized_selection_sort priority_queue_1 [2, 3, 1]
print $ generalized_selection_sort priority_queue_2 [B, C, A]
print $ generalized_selection_sort priority_queue_3 [B, C, A]-- power of generalization
-- fail
-- print $ let f q = (list_selection_sort q [2,3,1], list_selection_sort q [B,C,A])
-- in f priority_queue_1
-- power of abstraction (rank-n-types actually, but never mind)
print $ let f q = (abstract_selection_sort q [2,3,1], abstract_selection_sort q [B,C,A])
in f (APQ priority_queue_1)
-- fail
-- print $ let f q = (generalized_selection_sort q [2,3,1], generalized_selection_sort q [B,C,A])
-- in f priority_queue_1
代码也可以通过pastebin获得。
值得注意的是存在类型。正如@lukstafi 已经指出的那样,抽象类似于存在量词,而泛化类似于全称量词。
观察到 ∀xP(x) 隐含 ∃xP(x)(在非空宇宙中)这一事实与很少有没有抽象的概括(即使是类似 c++ 的重载函数形式)之间存在非平凡的联系某种意义上的抽象)。
致谢:
传送门蛋糕Solo。
djttwo的甜品桌。
符号是来自material.io 的蛋糕图标。