Pygame碰撞，属性错误

Question

我是一名从事学校项目的学生。我的碰撞不起作用，我开始感到沮丧。每当我尝试运行我的游戏时，都会弹出一条错误消息说

“属性错误：类型对象'Ball'没有属性'rect'”。

在我的代码中你会看到我有self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 100, 100)。我曾尝试使用 get_rect 函数，但这仍然不起作用。如果您对代码有任何提示，请随时添加评论。

import pygame
import random
import os
from pygame import mixer

# accessed: 4/6/18  code:https://github.com/codingandcaring/PYgame/blob/bacaab1bd6ec0c97412a136773dfd634455c3e2f/basketball_game.py
#Music
#Tutorial from computingmrh - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUMSK6LmXCQ used on 5th may 2018
snd_file = 'Game.ogg'

mixer.init()
mixer.music.load(snd_file)
mixer.music.play()

#spirtes
class Ball(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image = pygame.image.load('basketball.png').convert_alpha()
        self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (100, 100))
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 100, 100)
        self.speed_x = 5
        self.speed_y = 5
        self.radiusx = 0
        self.radiusy = 100
        self.mask = pygame.mask.from_surface(self.image)

    def update(self, width, height):
        self.x += self.speed_x
        self.y += self.speed_y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 100, 100)
        if self.x + self.radiusx > width:
            self.speed_x = 0
        if self.y + self.radiusx > height:
            self.speed_y = 0        
        if self.x + self.radiusy > width:
            self.speed_x = 0
        if self.y + self.radiusy > height:
            self.speed_y = 0
        if self.x - self.radiusx <= 0:
            self.speed_x = 0
        if self.y - self.radiusx <= 0:
            self.speed_y = 0


    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, (self.x, self.y))


class Goal(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image = pygame.image.load('goal.png').convert_alpha()
        self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (220, 220))
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 220, 220)

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, (self.x, self.y))

class Ring(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image = pygame.image.load('ring.png').convert_alpha()
        self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (400, 400))
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 400, 400)
        self.mask = pygame.mask.from_surface(self.image)

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, (self.x, self.y))

class Baddie(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y, z):
        self.image = pygame.image.load().convert_alpha()
        self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (220, 220))
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, (self.x, self.y))

def main():
    # basics
    width = 1200
    height = 722

    pygame.init()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
    pygame.display.set_caption('Basketball Shootout')
    font = pygame.font.Font(None, 25)

    #code for the badguys
    badtimer=100
    badtimer1=0
    badguys=[[640,100]]

    # Add Variables
    court = pygame.image.load('halfcourt.jpg')
    court = pygame.transform.scale(court, (1200, 722))
    basketball = Ball(50, 50)
    goal = Goal(487, 0)
    ring = Ring(400,400)
    player = Ball
    badguyimg1 = pygame.image.load("wpierdol.png")
    badguyimg1 = pygame.transform.scale(badguyimg1, (100, 100))
    badguyimg2 = pygame.image.load("bad_guy2.gif")
    badguyimg2 = pygame.transform.scale(badguyimg2, (100, 100))
    badguyimg3 = pygame.image.load("bad_guy3.gif")
    badguyimg3 = pygame.transform.scale(badguyimg3, (100, 100))
    badlist = [badguyimg1, badguyimg2, badguyimg3]



    stop_game = False



    #main game logic
    while not stop_game:
        badtimer -= 1
        point = pygame.sprite.collide_mask(player, ring)
        if point:
            score = score + 1


        #Draw the bad guys
        if badtimer==0:
            badguys.append([1040, random.randint(50,430)])
            badtimer=100-(badtimer1*2)
        if badtimer1>=35:
            badtimer1=35
        else:
            badtimer1+=5
        index=0
        for badguy in badguys:
            if badguy[0]<-64:
                badguys.pop(index)
            badguy[0]-=7
            index+=1

        for event in pygame.event.get():
            pressed = pygame.key.get_pressed()
            if pressed[pygame.K_UP]:
                basketball.y -= 5
                basketball.speed_y = -5
            elif pressed[pygame.K_DOWN]:
                basketball.y += 5
                basketball.speed_y = 5
            elif pressed[pygame.K_LEFT]:
                basketball.x -= 5
                basketball.speed_x = -5
            elif pressed[pygame.K_RIGHT]:
                basketball.x += 5
                basketball.speed_x = 5
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                stop_game = True

    # Updating
        basketball.update(width, height)
        screen.blit(court, (0,0))

        text = font.render('Dodge the other team to get to the goal!', True, (0, 0, 0))
        screen.blit(text, (430, 630))
        goal.render(screen)
        basketball.render(screen)
        for badguy in badguys:
            screen.blit(badguyimg1)



        pygame.display.update()

    pygame.quit()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Answer 1

引发异常是因为变量player 是对类 Ball 的引用，而不是它的实例。

看看这一行：

player = Ball

这不会创建新实例，因为您没有使用(...) 调用类。

---

除此之外，如果您使用 Sprite 类，最好按预期使用它。当已经有 rect 属性时，将坐标存储在您的类中的 x 和 y 属性中是没有意义的。

此外，当已经有 Group 类为您执行此操作时，您不需要 render 方法。

这是一个示例，我将您的代码更改为使用预期的 pygame 功能（为简洁起见）：

import pygame

class Ball(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        image = pygame.image.load('basketball.png').convert_alpha()
        self.image = pygame.transform.scale(image, (100, 100))
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect(topleft=(x,y))
        self.speed_x = 5
        self.speed_y = 5
        self.mask = pygame.mask.from_surface(self.image)

    def update(self, screen_rect):
        self.rect.move_ip(self.speed_x, self.speed_y)
        self.rect.clamp_ip(screen_rect)

def main():
    # basics
    width = 1200
    height = 722

    pygame.init()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
    screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
    pygame.display.set_caption('Basketball Shootout')

    basketball = Ball(50, 50)

    stop_game = False

    sprites = pygame.sprite.Group(basketball)

    #main game logic
    while not stop_game:
        badtimer -= 1

        for event in pygame.event.get():
            pressed = pygame.key.get_pressed()
            if pressed[pygame.K_UP]:
                basketball.speed_y = -5
            elif pressed[pygame.K_DOWN]:
                basketball.speed_y = 5
            elif pressed[pygame.K_LEFT]:
                basketball.speed_x = -5
            elif pressed[pygame.K_RIGHT]:
                basketball.speed_x = 5
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                stop_game = True

        screen.fill(pygame.color.THECOLORS['white'])
        sprites.update(screen_rect)
        sprites.draw(screen)

        pygame.display.update()

    pygame.quit()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Answer 2

有几个问题，但正如 Sloth 已经解释的那样，AttributeError 被引发是因为 player 是对 Ball 类的引用而不是实例。 player 变量实际上没有意义，因为basketball 是实际可播放实例而不是player，您应该将basketball 传递给collide_mask 函数。只需删除player。

point = pygame.sprite.collide_mask(basketball, ring)

---

事件处理有点混乱。不要在事件循环 (for event in pygame.get_event():) 内调用 pygame.key.get_pressed，因为该行和以下代码将在队列中的每个事件中执行一次。

您还混合了两种不同的方式来移动精灵：使用key.get_pressed 执行basketball.y -= 5 或在事件循环中设置速度：basketball.speed_y = -5。

for event in pygame.event.get():
    if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
        stop_game = True
    # Either set the speed here.
    elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
        if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
            basketball.speed_y = -5

# Or increment the `basketball.y` in the while loop with `pygame.key.get_pressed`.
pressed = pygame.key.get_pressed()
if pressed[pygame.K_UP]:
    basketball.y -= 5
elif pressed[pygame.K_DOWN]:
    basketball.y += 5
if pressed[pygame.K_LEFT]:  # if not elif, to separate vertical and horizontal movement.
    basketball.x -= 5
elif pressed[pygame.K_RIGHT]:
    basketball.x += 5

如果您使用key.get_pressed 解决方案，您可以删除self.speed_x 和speed_y 属性。

你也可以将一个屏幕大小的rect传递给update方法，并用它来夹住球的rect。

def update(self, screen_rect):  # Pass a rect with the size of the screen.
    self.x += self.speed_x
    self.y += self.speed_y
    self.rect.topleft = (self.x, self.y)
    if not screen_rect.contains(self.rect):
        # Clamp the rect if it's outside of the screen.
        self.rect.clamp_ip(screen_rect)
        self.x, self.y = self.rect.topleft

---

您应该添加一个pygame.time.Clock 实例并在每帧调用clock.tick 以限制帧速率，否则游戏会运行得太快，速度取决于PC。

---

在迭代列表（和其他可变容器）时不应修改它们，否则可能会跳过项目。只需遍历切片副本（或使用列表推导）：

# You can `enumerate` the badguys list to get the index and the item at the same time.
for index, badguy in enumerate(badguys[:]):
    if badguy[0] < -64:
        # skrx: Don't modify a list while you're iterating over it.
        # Iterate over a slice copy: badguys[:]
        badguys.pop(index)
    badguy[0] -= 7

---

你忘了渲染ring（在调试过程中有点混乱）：ring.render(screen)。

并且缺少score 变量。

这是完整的工作示例（我使用了一些替换表面）：

import random
import pygame


class Ball(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        # self.image = pygame.image.load('basketball.png').convert_alpha()
        # self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (100, 100))
        self.image = pygame.Surface((100, 100)).convert_alpha()
        self.image.fill((160, 70, 0))
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 100, 100)
        self.speed_x = 0
        self.speed_y = 0
        self.radiusx = 0
        self.radiusy = 100
        self.mask = pygame.mask.from_surface(self.image)

    def update(self, screen_rect):  # Pass a rect with the size of the screen.
        self.x += self.speed_x
        self.y += self.speed_y
        self.rect.topleft = (self.x, self.y)
        if not screen_rect.contains(self.rect):
            # Clamp the rect if it's outside of the screen.
            self.rect.clamp_ip(screen_rect)
            self.x, self.y = self.rect.topleft

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)


class Goal(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        # self.image = pygame.image.load('goal.png').convert_alpha()
        # self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (220, 220))
        self.image = pygame.Surface((220, 220)).convert_alpha()
        self.image.fill((60, 80, 110))
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 220, 220)

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)


class Ring(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        # self.image = pygame.image.load('ring.png').convert_alpha()
        # self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (400, 400))
        self.image = pygame.Surface((400, 400)).convert_alpha()
        self.image.fill((60, 180, 110))
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 400, 400)
        self.mask = pygame.mask.from_surface(self.image)

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)


class Baddie(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y, z):
        # self.image = pygame.image.load().convert_alpha()
        # self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (220, 220))
        self.image = pygame.Surface((90, 90)).convert_alpha()
        self.image.fill((250, 50, 0))
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, (self.x, self.y))


def main():
    width = 1200
    height = 722

    pygame.init()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
    screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
    clock = pygame.time.Clock()  # Add a clock to limit the frame rate.
    pygame.display.set_caption('Basketball Shootout')
    font = pygame.font.Font(None, 25)

    badtimer = 100
    badtimer1 = 0
    badguys = [[640, 100]]

    # court = pygame.image.load('halfcourt.jpg')
    # court = pygame.transform.scale(court, (1200, 722))
    court = pygame.Surface((1200, 722))
    court.fill((30, 30, 30))
    basketball = Ball(50, 50)
    goal = Goal(487, 0)
    ring = Ring(400, 400)
    # The player is not needed since the `basketball` is already
    # the playable ball instance.
    # player = Ball  # Just remove this line.

    # badguyimg1 = pygame.image.load("wpierdol.png")
    # badguyimg1 = pygame.transform.scale(badguyimg1, (100, 100))
    # badguyimg2 = pygame.image.load("bad_guy2.gif")
    # badguyimg2 = pygame.transform.scale(badguyimg2, (100, 100))
    # badguyimg3 = pygame.image.load("bad_guy3.gif")
    # badguyimg3 = pygame.transform.scale(badguyimg3, (100, 100))
    badguyimg1 = pygame.Surface((90, 90))
    badguyimg1.fill((60, 50, 210))
    badguyimg2 = pygame.Surface((90, 90))
    badguyimg2.fill((250, 50, 210))
    badguyimg3 = pygame.Surface((90, 90))
    badguyimg3.fill((250, 50, 130))
    badlist = [badguyimg1, badguyimg2, badguyimg3]

    score = 0  # The score variable was missing.

    stop_game = False

    while not stop_game:
        # Event handling.
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                stop_game = True
            # Either set the speed here or increment the `basketball.y`
            # in the while loop with `pygame.key.get_pressed`.
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
                if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
                    basketball.speed_y = -5
                elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
                    basketball.speed_y = 5
                elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
                    basketball.speed_x = -5
                elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
                    basketball.speed_x = 5
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
                # Stop the ball.
                if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
                    basketball.speed_y = 0
                elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
                    basketball.speed_y = 0
                elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT and basketball.speed_x < 0:
                    basketball.speed_x = 0
                elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT and basketball.speed_x > 0:
                    basketball.speed_x = 0

        # Don't call get_pressed in the event loop (for every event).
        # pressed = pygame.key.get_pressed()
        # if pressed[pygame.K_UP]:
        #     basketball.y -= 5
        # elif pressed[pygame.K_DOWN]:
        #     basketball.y += 5
        # if pressed[pygame.K_LEFT]:  # if not elif, to separate vertical and horizontal movement.
        #     basketball.x -= 5
        # elif pressed[pygame.K_RIGHT]:
        #     basketball.x += 5

        # Updating.
        basketball.update(screen_rect)
        badtimer -= 1

        point = pygame.sprite.collide_mask(basketball, ring)  # Use basketball not player.
        if point:
            # The score will be incremented continually.
            score = score + 1
            print(score)

        # Update the bad guys.
        if badtimer == 0:
            badguys.append([1040, random.randint(50,430)])
            badtimer = 100-(badtimer1*2)
        if badtimer1 >= 35:
            badtimer1 = 35
        else:
            badtimer1 += 5

        # You can `enumerate` the badguys list to get the index
        # and the item at the same time.
        for index, badguy in enumerate(badguys[:]):
            if badguy[0] < -64:
                # Don't modify a list while you're iterating over it.
                # Iterate over a slice copy: badguys[:]
                badguys.pop(index)
            badguy[0] -= 7

        # Drawing.
        screen.blit(court, (0,0))

        text = font.render(
            'Dodge the other team to get to the goal!',
            True, (0, 0, 0))
        screen.blit(text, (430, 630))
        goal.render(screen)
        # You forgot to render the ring.
        ring.render(screen)

        for badguy in badguys:
            screen.blit(badguyimg1, badguy)  # The `dest`ination arg was missing.

        basketball.render(screen)

        pygame.display.update()
        clock.tick(60)  # Limit the frame rate to 60 FPS.

    pygame.quit()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()