使用 Model @property 装饰器来检查 manytomany 的计数

Question

如何设置模型装饰器（在 Django 中）来计算 ManyToManyFields（和其他可验证的条件）？

Django 模型：

class Cake(models.Model):
    cake_layer = models.ManyToManyField(CakeLayer, related_name="cake_layer")
    cream_layer = models.ManyToManyField(CreamLayer, related_name="cream_layer")

    @property
    def at_least_one_cake_layer(self):
        if self.cake_layer_set.count = 0:
            raise AssertionError("At last one cake layer is needed to be a cake")

    @property
    def at_least_two_layers(self):
        total_layer_count = 0
        total_layer_count += self.cream_layer_set.count
        total_layer_count += self.cream_layer_set.count
        if total_layer_count <= 1:
            raise AssertionError("A proper Cake needs two layers, even if they are just two cake layers!")

是否像在模型本身中进行查询一样简单？ （我只在模板和视图中使用查询，如果它们是另一个模型，我不确定如何正确（如果有的话）访问模型的属性。

请注意：如果这段代码可以工作，请告诉我，但这样你就知道我来自哪里：

• 我正在根据我所学的内容重新编写应用程序架构，并尝试抽象一些内容以消除重复，并进入通用外键 (GFK)/多表继承/多对多架构，并且正在尝试不同的东西，我不确定我想尝试的方法是否可行
• 按照阅读this 的建议，我正在尝试避免使用 GFK
• 我假设使用装饰器可以使用一些数据库级别的逻辑，（尽管我也会提供视图级别的业务逻辑），虽然不确定这是pythonic 还是处理高度抽象/复杂相关类时的良好架构

请随时澄清我的假设 :) 谢谢！

Answer 1

一些明显的错误和一些改进建议：

class Cake(models.Model):
    # 1. change related_name to sth that makes semantic sense!
    # I'd also suggest plural names for m2m fields. Makes code more readable.
    cake_layers = models.ManyToManyField(CakeLayer, related_name="cakes")
    cream_layers = models.ManyToManyField(CreamLayer, related_name="cakes")

    def at_least_one_cake_layer(self):
        # 2. no _set suffix with forward m2m rels, just use the name of the field
        # 3. count is a method, needs parentheses to be actually called
        # 4. "=" is an assignment, use "==" for comparisons 
        if self.cake_layers.count() == 0:
            raise AssertionError("At last one cake layer is needed to be a cake")
        # 5. a property suggests to the caller that they are accessing a simple attribute which
        # imho should not raise an exception. A boolean return value seems better.
        # if you want to raise an error, I'd keep it a method.

    @property
    def at_least_two_layers(self):
        # 6. seems you mean to add both counts here, so one should be cake_layers
        # minor: adding two ints should not deserve 3 lines of code 
        total_layer_count = self.cake_layers.count() + self.cream_layers.count()
        if total_layer_count < 2:  
            # minor: make code match output ;)
            # even if <=1 and <2 are equivalent here, it is just good practice
            # and you avoid pitfalls in more complicated cases, e.g. with floats
            raise AssertionError("A proper Cake needs two layers, even if they are just two cake layers!")

就装饰器而言，它们只是应用于它们装饰的函数/类对象的普通 Python 函数，并且受到与任何其他函数相同的限制（例如作用域）。你想用它们做什么是有意义的还是 Pythonic 取决于具体情况。

您可以在装饰器中执行数据库操作，但仅限于装饰器返回的函数。装饰器函数本身（在大多数情况下，例如函数内部的类定义除外）将在模块加载时调用，此时模型可能尚未加载。您应该避免模块级代码中的数据库命中。

另外，您正在使用count() 来检查是否存在。使用exists()，当您不使用实际数字时性能更高：

if not self.cake_layers.exists():
    # raise hell / return False

if not (self.cake_layers.exists() and self.cream_layers.exists()):
    # raise hell / return False