【发布时间】：2026-02-05 09:00:01
【问题描述】：
如何捕获JDBC 中的特定异常？示例：主键异常或外键异常。
【问题讨论】：
【发布时间】：2026-02-05 09:00:01
【问题描述】：
更具体地说，处理SQLException 的最佳且独立于DB 的方法是确定可以通过SQLException#getSQLState() 获得的SQL 状态码。 SQLState 是一个 5 字符的代码，其中前两个在所有 DB 中通用，后三个可能因 DB 和/或特定条件而异。这是spec的摘录：
- 02：没有数据
- 07：动态SQL错误
- 08：连接异常
- 0A：不支持该功能
- 21：基数违规
- 22：数据异常
- 23：违反完整性约束
- 24：游标状态无效
- 25：交易状态无效
- 26：无效的 SQL 语句名称
- 28：授权规范无效
- 2B：依赖的权限描述符仍然存在
- 2C: 无效的字符集名称
- 2D：交易终止无效
- 2E: 无效的连接名称
- 33：无效的 SQL 描述符名称
- 34：游标名无效
- 35：无效的条件编号
- 3C：游标名称不明确
- 3D：目录名称无效
- 3F：架构名称无效
因此，要确定 SQL 异常是否是由违反约束引起的，您可以在（虚构的）SQLUtil 类中执行以下操作：
public static boolean isConstraintViolation(SQLException e) {
return e.getSQLState().startsWith("23");
}
【讨论】：
-
我可以从我的异常中得到一个详细的消息，通知我的新行违反了某些约束，但是当我执行
e.getSQLState()以自定义我的消息时，我总是得到一个null值。有什么办法可以克服吗？
SQLException 包含一些与异常相关的特定于数据库的信息。来自文档：
每个 SQLException 提供几个 信息种类：
1) 一个字符串 描述错误。这用作 Java 异常消息，可用 通过方法getMessage。
2) 一个“SQLstate” 字符串，它跟在 XOPEN 之后 SQLstate 约定或 SQL 99 公约。的价值观 SQLState 字符串在 适当的规格。数据库元数据 方法 getSQLStateType 可用于 发现司机是否返回 XOPEN 类型或 SQL 99 类型。
3) 一个 特定于的整数错误代码 每个供应商。通常这将是 由返回的实际错误代码 底层数据库。
4) 一个链到下一个 例外。这可以用来提供 附加错误信息。
【讨论】：
Brian 说得对，几乎任何 JDBC 问题都会引发 SQLException。这就是 JDBC 如此烦人的部分原因。 Spring library JDBC helpers 提供exception translator 来查看SQLCode、SQLState 等，并抛出相应的DataAccessException。这些异常类有很多，它们可以让您更好地了解问题所在，例如 DataIntegrityViolationException、DataSourceLookupFailureException、PermissionDeniedDataAccessException 等。
【讨论】：
-
^ 优秀资源列表 ^。 Spring 提供了很多东西，我希望我有时间回顾 API 的每一个 bi。无论如何，我也想扔在那里，听起来问题是潜意识地指向一个 INSERT，PK 或 FK 是否相同，因此无法插入。如果是这种情况，您可以捕获 DataIntegrityViolationException，但更合适的处理方法是使用 SQL MERGE 子句而不是 INSERT。见en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_(SQL)
跟进BalusC's answer，这里有一个更完整的最新列表，列出了 SQL:2011 标准指定的所有类和子类。我最近刚刚为Javadoc of jOOQ's SQLStateSubclass 整理了这份清单。
+----+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Class and class description | Subclass and subclass description |
+----+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| 00 | Successful completion | 000 | No subclass |
| 01 | Warning | 000 | No subclass |
| 01 | Warning | 001 | Cursor operation conflict |
| 01 | Warning | 002 | Disconnect error |
| 01 | Warning | 003 | Null value eliminated in set function |
| 01 | Warning | 004 | String data, right truncation |
| 01 | Warning | 005 | Insufficient item descriptor areas |
| 01 | Warning | 006 | Privilege not revoked |
| 01 | Warning | 007 | Privilege not granted |
| 01 | Warning | 009 | Search condition too long for information schema |
| 01 | Warning | 00A | Query expression too long for information schema |
| 01 | Warning | 00B | Default value too long for information schema |
| 01 | Warning | 00C | Result sets returned |
| 01 | Warning | 00D | Additional result sets returned |
| 01 | Warning | 00E | Attempt to return too many result sets |
| 01 | Warning | 00F | Statement too long for information schema |
| 01 | Warning | 012 | Invalid number of conditions |
| 01 | Warning | 02F | Array data, right truncation |
| 02 | No data | 000 | No subclass |
| 02 | No data | 001 | No additional result sets returned |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 000 | No subclass |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 001 | Using clause does not match dynamic parameter specifications |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 002 | Using clause does not match target specifications |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 003 | Cursor specification cannot be executed |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 004 | Using clause required for dynamic parameters |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 005 | Prepared statement not a cursor specification |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 006 | Restricted data type attribute violation |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 007 | Using clause required for result fields |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 008 | Invalid descriptor count |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 009 | Invalid descriptor index |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 00B | Data type transform function violation |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 00C | Undefined DATA value |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 00D | Invalid DATA target |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 00E | Invalid LEVEL value |
| 07 | Dynamic SQL Error | 00F | Invalid DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE |
| 08 | Connection exception | 000 | No subclass |
| 08 | Connection exception | 001 | SQL-client unable to establish SQL-connection |
| 08 | Connection exception | 002 | Connection name in use |
| 08 | Connection exception | 003 | Connection does not exist |
| 08 | Connection exception | 004 | SQL-server rejected establishment of SQL-connection |
| 08 | Connection exception | 006 | Connection failure |
| 08 | Connection exception | 007 | Transaction resolution unknown |
| 09 | Triggered action exception | 000 | No subclass |
| 0A | Feature not supported | 000 | No subclass |
| 0A | Feature not supported | 001 | Multiple server transactions |
| 0D | Invalid target type specification | 000 | No subclass |
| 0E | Invalid schema name list specification | 000 | No subclass |
| 0F | Locator exception | 000 | No subclass |
| 0F | Locator exception | 001 | Invalid specification |
| 0L | Invalid grantor | 000 | No subclass |
| 0M | Invalid SQL-invoked procedure reference | 000 | No subclass |
| 0P | Invalid role specification | 000 | No subclass |
| 0S | Invalid transform group name specification | 000 | No subclass |
| 0T | Target table disagrees with cursor specification | 000 | No subclass |
| 0U | Attempt to assign to non-updatable column | 000 | No subclass |
| 0V | Attempt to assign to ordering column | 000 | No subclass |
| 0W | Prohibited statement encountered during trigger execution | 000 | No subclass |
| 0W | Prohibited statement encountered during trigger execution | 001 | Modify table modified by data change delta table |
| 0Z | Diagnostics exception | 000 | No subclass |
| 0Z | Diagnostics exception | 001 | Maximum number of stacked diagnostics areas exceeded |
| 21 | Cardinality violation | 000 | No subclass |
| 22 | Data exception | 000 | No subclass |
| 22 | Data exception | 001 | String data, right truncation |
| 22 | Data exception | 002 | Null value, no indicator parameter |
| 22 | Data exception | 003 | Numeric value out of range |
| 22 | Data exception | 004 | Null value not allowed |
| 22 | Data exception | 005 | Error in assignment |
| 22 | Data exception | 006 | Invalid interval format |
| 22 | Data exception | 007 | Invalid datetime format |
| 22 | Data exception | 008 | Datetime field overflow |
| 22 | Data exception | 009 | Invalid time zone displacement value |
| 22 | Data exception | 00B | Escape character conflict |
| 22 | Data exception | 00C | Invalid use of escape character |
| 22 | Data exception | 00D | Invalid escape octet |
| 22 | Data exception | 00E | Null value in array target |
| 22 | Data exception | 00F | Zero-length character string |
| 22 | Data exception | 00G | Most specific type mismatch |
| 22 | Data exception | 00H | Sequence generator limit exceeded |
| 22 | Data exception | 00P | Interval value out of range |
| 22 | Data exception | 00Q | Multiset value overflow |
| 22 | Data exception | 010 | Invalid indicator parameter value |
| 22 | Data exception | 011 | Substring error |
| 22 | Data exception | 012 | Division by zero |
| 22 | Data exception | 013 | Invalid preceding or following size in window function |
| 22 | Data exception | 014 | Invalid argument for NTILE function |
| 22 | Data exception | 015 | Interval field overflow |
| 22 | Data exception | 016 | Invalid argument for NTH_VALUE function |
| 22 | Data exception | 018 | Invalid character value for cast |
| 22 | Data exception | 019 | Invalid escape character |
| 22 | Data exception | 01B | Invalid regular expression |
| 22 | Data exception | 01C | Null row not permitted in table |
| 22 | Data exception | 01E | Invalid argument for natural logarithm |
| 22 | Data exception | 01F | Invalid argument for power function |
| 22 | Data exception | 01G | Invalid argument for width bucket function |
| 22 | Data exception | 01H | Invalid row version |
| 22 | Data exception | 01S | Invalid XQuery regular expression |
| 22 | Data exception | 01T | Invalid XQuery option flag |
| 22 | Data exception | 01U | Attempt to replace a zero-length string |
| 22 | Data exception | 01V | Invalid XQuery replacement string |
| 22 | Data exception | 01W | Invalid row count in fetch first clause |
| 22 | Data exception | 01X | Invalid row count in result offset clause |
| 22 | Data exception | 020 | Invalid period value |
| 22 | Data exception | 021 | Character not in repertoire |
| 22 | Data exception | 022 | Indicator overflow |
| 22 | Data exception | 023 | Invalid parameter value |
| 22 | Data exception | 024 | Unterminated C string |
| 22 | Data exception | 025 | Invalid escape sequence |
| 22 | Data exception | 026 | String data, length mismatch |
| 22 | Data exception | 027 | Trim error |
| 22 | Data exception | 029 | Noncharacter in UCS string |
| 22 | Data exception | 02D | Null value substituted for mutator subject parameter |
| 22 | Data exception | 02E | Array element error |
| 22 | Data exception | 02F | Array data, right truncation |
| 22 | Data exception | 02G | Invalid repeat argument in sample clause |
| 22 | Data exception | 02H | Invalid sample size |
| 23 | Integrity constraint violation | 000 | No subclass |
| 23 | Integrity constraint violation | 001 | Restrict violation |
| 24 | Invalid cursor state | 000 | No subclass |
| 25 | Invalid transaction state | 000 | No subclass |
| 25 | Invalid transaction state | 001 | Active SQL-transaction |
| 25 | Invalid transaction state | 002 | Branch transaction already active |
| 25 | Invalid transaction state | 003 | Inappropriate access mode for branch transaction |
| 25 | Invalid transaction state | 004 | Inappropriate isolation level for branch transaction |
| 25 | Invalid transaction state | 005 | No active SQL-transaction for branch transaction |
| 25 | Invalid transaction state | 006 | Read-only SQL-transaction |
| 25 | Invalid transaction state | 007 | Schema and data statement mixing not supported |
| 25 | Invalid transaction state | 008 | Held cursor requires same isolation level |
| 26 | Invalid SQL statement name | 000 | No subclass |
| 27 | Triggered data change violation | 000 | No subclass |
| 27 | Triggered data change violation | 001 | Modify table modified by data change delta table |
| 28 | Invalid authorization specification | 000 | No subclass |
| 2B | Dependent privilege descriptors still exist | 000 | No subclass |
| 2C | Invalid character set name | 000 | No subclass |
| 2C | Invalid character set name | 001 | Cannot drop SQL-session default character set |
| 2D | Invalid transaction termination | 000 | No subclass |
| 2E | Invalid connection name | 000 | No subclass |
| 2F | SQL routine exception | 000 | No subclass |
| 2F | SQL routine exception | 002 | Modifying SQL-data not permitted |
| 2F | SQL routine exception | 003 | Prohibited SQL-statement attempted |
| 2F | SQL routine exception | 004 | Reading SQL-data not permitted |
| 2F | SQL routine exception | 005 | Function executed no return statement |
| 2H | Invalid collation name | 000 | No subclass |
| 30 | Invalid SQL statement identifier | 000 | No subclass |
| 33 | Invalid SQL descriptor name | 000 | No subclass |
| 34 | Invalid cursor name | 000 | No subclass |
| 35 | Invalid condition number | 000 | No subclass |
| 36 | Cursor sensitivity exception | 000 | No subclass |
| 36 | Cursor sensitivity exception | 001 | request rejected |
| 36 | Cursor sensitivity exception | 002 | request failed |
| 38 | External routine exception | 000 | No subclass |
| 38 | External routine exception | 001 | Containing SQL not permitted |
| 38 | External routine exception | 002 | Modifying SQL-data not permitted |
| 38 | External routine exception | 003 | Prohibited SQL-statement attempted |
| 38 | External routine exception | 004 | Reading SQL-data not permitted |
| 39 | External routine invocation exception | 000 | No subclass |
| 39 | External routine invocation exception | 004 | Null value not allowed |
| 3B | Savepoint exception | 000 | No subclass |
| 3B | Savepoint exception | 001 | Invalid specification |
| 3B | Savepoint exception | 002 | Too many |
| 3C | Ambiguous cursor name | 000 | No subclass |
| 3D | Invalid catalog name | 000 | No subclass |
| 3F | Invalid schema name | 000 | No subclass |
| 40 | Transaction rollback | 000 | No subclass |
| 40 | Transaction rollback | 001 | Serialization failure |
| 40 | Transaction rollback | 002 | Integrity constraint violation |
| 40 | Transaction rollback | 003 | Statement completion unknown |
| 40 | Transaction rollback | 004 | Triggered action exception |
| 42 | Syntax error or access rule violation | 000 | No subclass |
| 44 | With check option violation | 000 | No subclass |
| HZ | Remote database access | 000 | No subclass |
+----+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+
【讨论】：
您还可以使用getErrorCode() 方法正确处理异常，这在您使用存储过程或函数并且您有自己的自定义错误代码时尤其有用。
这可能对有类似背景的人有所帮助。
【讨论】：
在 catch 子句中，您可以更具体地处理 Exception。
try {
// Your code here
} catch(SQLException ex){
if(ex instanceof SQLIntegrityConstraintViolationException) {
// Handle Here
}
}
【讨论】：
-
最好使用额外的特定 catch 子句，而不是使用 if。
-
我当然加了糖，你加茶就完事了！但我更喜欢这种方式，因为在进入
if之前，我通常使用一般异常，对我来说它更易于维护，但选择始终取决于开发人员。